US_Ch6_Homework-1

=**U.S. History Chapter 6 Homework #1**= Answer the following on notebook paper.

1. In the election of 1912, Woodrow Wilson (Democrat) was running on a position he called New Freedom. William Taft (Republican) won his party's nomination to run for re-election. Theodore Roosevelt was trying to get back into politics, but couldn't secure the Republican Party nomination, so ran as a Bull Moose Progressive with a platform called New Nationalism. From The New Freedom: "I am perfectly willing that a business should beat any competitor by fair means...But there must be no squeezing out the beginner...no secret arrangements against him. All the fair competition you choose, but no unfair competition of any kind. A trust is an arrangement to get rid of competition...A trust does not bring efficiency...It buys efficiency out of business. I am for big business, and I am against the trusts...any man who can put others out of business by making the thing cheaper to the consumer...I take off my hat to..." From The New Nationalism: "Combination in industry [trusts] are the result of an imperative economic law which cannot be repealed by political legislation...The way out lies, not in attempting to prevent such combinations, but in completely controlling them in the interest of the public welfare...The absence of an effective state, and, especially national, restraint upon unfair money getting has tended to create a small class of enormously wealthy and economically powerful men...The prime need is to change the conditions which enable these men to accumulate power."
 * Which candidate was completely against trusts? Which candidate wanted to control trusts?**

2. When Woodrow Wilson came into office, he went before Congress (first president to do so since John Adams) to push for a reduction of tariffs. He was able to get tariff reduction in the Underwood-Simmons Tariff, but a section of the bill called for an income tax to raise government revenue. An income tax was unconstitutional since it was a direct tax on the people, which was prohibited by the Constitution. Wilson counted on the 16th amendment being ratified, which was done in 1913. Thus, lowering tariffs made it appear that Wilson was keeping government small, but in reality was looking to increase the revenue, spending, and power of the government with the new ability to levy an income tax. **The Underwood-Simmons Tariff lowered the tariff, but revenue would still come from (A) income tax (B) other tariffs went up (C) land sales (D) Europe bought guns (E) all (F) none**

3. President Wilson supported the creation of a new central banking system in the U.S. to have control of the banks, interest rates, and money supply. Therefore, he supported the Federal Reserve Act in 1913, which created 12 regional banks to be supervised by a Board of Governors, appointed by the president. This allowed national supervision over the banking system, even though the banks would remain privately owned, not government controlled. This really gave the leaders of the Federal Reserve a monopoly over banking and national control. **The Federal Reserve Act set up a (A) bureau to collect income taxes (B) an anti-trust agency (C) central bank to control the money supply and interest rates (D) socialist agenda (E) all (F) none**

4. President Wilson also supported the new Federal Trade Commission (FTC) created by Congress to monitor American business. The FTC had the power to investigate companies and issue "cease and desist" orders against companies engaging in what the FTC believed were unfair trade practices. Businesses could take the FTC to court if they disagreed with the FTC's rulings. Some saw this as a way to keep businesses under control while others saw it as government power increasing over the people. **What would the job be of the new Federal Trade Commission? (A) regulate banks (B) collect the income tax (C) set aside land (D) regulate businesses (E) all (F) none**

5. **Progressivism increased peoples' reliance on (A) themselves (B) the government (C) the church (D) their jobs (E) all (F) none**

6. W.E.B. du Bois and 28 other African American leaders met at Niagara Falls to demand full rights for blacks. This became known as the Niagara Movement. This meeting was one of the many steps that led to the formation of the NAACP, or National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. They used the courts to fight against discrimination and also pushed for voting rights. **Which group formed to fight for African Americans in courts?**

7. The roots of WWI actually date back to the 1860s. In 1864, while Americans fought the Civil War, the German kingdom of Prussia launched the first of a series of wars to unite the various German states into one nation. By 1871, Prussia had united Germany and proclaimed the birth of the German Empire. The new German nation rapidly industrialized and quickly became one of the most powerful nations in the world. The creation of German transformed European politics. In 1870, as part of their plan to unify Germany, Prussia also attacked France and forced them to give up territory along the German-French border. From that point on, France and Germany were enemies. To protect itself, Germany signed alliances with Italy and Austria-Hungary, a huge empire that controlled much of southeastern Europe. This became known as the Triple Alliance. The new alliance alarmed Russian leaders, who feared that Germany intended to expand eastward into Russia. Also, Russia was competing with Austria-Hungary for influence in southeast Europe. Russia and France formed an agreement. Feeling isolated, Britain would look for protection as well and joined with France and Russia in the Triple Entente. **Why did European nations form alliances? (A) they wanted to expand (B) increase trade with the alliances (C) defensive reasons out of fear that other nations may attack (D) to be friends (E) all (F) none**

8. The system of alliances in Europe encouraged militarism, the aggressive build-up of armed forces to intimidate and threaten other nations. Germany and Britain were engaged in a naval arms race. This threatened Britain, since the British depended on a strong navy for protection. Both nations were competing in terms of building warships. This naval arms race is what pushed Britain into joining with France and Russia. **A naval arms race began between Britain and Germany, which was an example of (A) Imperialism (B) Nationalism (C) secret treaties (D) Militarism (E) all (F) none**

9. The Map below shows the unification of Germany.
 * Why would Germany fear an attack from France? France would want to take back -- and .**

10. By the late 1800s, nationalism, or a feeling of intense pride in one's homeland, had become a powerful idea in Europe. Nationalists place primary emphasis on promoting their homeland's culture and interests above those of other countries. Nationalism was one of the reasons for the tensions among the European powers. Each nation viewed the others as competitors and many people were willing to go to war to expand their nation at the expense of others. One of the basic ideas of nationalism is the right to self-determination, or the idea that the people who share a national identity should have their own country and government. In the 1800s, nationalism led to a crisis in southeastern Europe in the region known as the Balkans. Various groups in this region wanted independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire. European nations were also competing for colonies, which was called imperialism, or the idea that a country can increase its power and wealth by controlling other peoples. Nationalism would run counter to imperialism. This is what would become the source of problems in the southeastern portion of Europe. **Nations in Europe viewed each other as competitors and each believed their nation was best, which was (A) imperialism (B) nationalism (C) treason (D) militarism (E) all (F) none**

11. **What region was controlled by a larger empire, but had several ethnic groups, which led to nationalistic tension? (A) Middle East (B) the Balkans (C) East Asia (D) Austria-Hungary (E) all (F) none**

12. **Nations competed for colonies and empire, which was (A) imperialism (B) nationalism (C) secret alliances (D) militarism (E) all (F) none**

13. In late June 1914 the heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand visited the Bosnian capital of Sarajevo. Bosnia was part of Austria-Hungary, which was an area of extreme nationalism, since the Serbs wanted Bosnia and independence after Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia, which had previously belonged to the Ottoman Empire. There was a lot of tension in Europe at the time with the two secret defensive alliances that the major powers formed, militarism, imperialism and extreme nationalism. It was only going to take one event to start a "Great War." As Ferdinand and his wife rode through a city, a Bosnian revolutionary named Gavrilo Princip rushed their open car and shot the couple to death. The assassin was a member of the Serbian secret society nicknamed the "Black Hand." The assassination took place with the knowledge of Serbian officials who hoped to start a war that would bring down the Austro-Hungarian Empire. **What event triggered the Great War?**

14. Should America stay neutral in World War I? Americans were deeply divided on whether or not America should stay neutral when World War I broke out. Yes - John Works, Civil War Veteran and U.S. Senator: "//Germany is not moving against this country. She has not been guilty of any aggression against us. She has taken the lives of a few of our citizens, because they got in the way when she was prosecuting a war against another nation and fighting to preserve her existence. If the German government should make aggressive warfare against the United States you would not need any exhortation in the Senate of the United States to arouse the patriotism of the American people. You would not be holding open your enlisting stations without getting any soldiers//." No - Robert Lansing, Secretary of State: "//I have come to the conclusion that the German government is utterly hostile to all nations with democratic institutions because those who compose it see in democracy a menace to absolutism and the defeat of the German ambition for world domination...Germany must not be permitted to win this war and to break even, though to prevent it this country is forced to take an active part. This ultimate necessity must be constantly in our minds in all our controversies with the belligerents. American public opinion must be prepared for the time, which may come, when we will have to cast aside our neutrality and become one of the champions of democracy//."
 * Who do you agree with? Why?**

15. The British set up a blockade in the Atlantic and stopped all merchant ships including ships of neutral nations to inspect them for contraband, or goods prohibited from shipment to Germany and its allies. To combat the blockade, Germany developed U-boats, or submarines (called //Unterseeboat//, which is Germany for "underwater boat"). When various ships were sunk, the Germans and the U.S. came up with several pledges or agreements, but Britain was still able to receive trade goods, which Germany looked to stop. The issue reached a crisis on May 7, 1915, when the British passenger ship //Lusitania// entered the war zone. The Germans had warned passengers before hand that if that ship embarked on its journey, it would be sunk. The Germans sunk the ship killing 1,200 passengers including 128 Americans. Americans saw this as a terrorist attack on civilians, including women and children, and not a legitimate action of war, and were outraged. At this point, the United States was justified to enter the war, but did not. President Wilson refused to threaten Germany and said the U.S. was "too proud to fight." He sent officials to Germany to get the Germans to stop endangering the lives on noncombatants in the war zone. The Germans sunk the French ship //Sussex// injuring some Americans. This led Germany to agreeing to the Sussex Pledge in which they agreed to surface and fire a warning shot before sinking merchant ships. The problem for Germany would be when the British developed Q-ships, which were gun ships disguised as merchant ships that fired on German U-boats when they surfaced to fire the warning shots. **What justified American involvement in the war, but still stayed neutral? (A) Germany using U-boats (B) sinking of the //Lusitania// (C) Zimmermann Telegram (C) Pearl Harbor attacked (E) all (F) none**

16. President Wilson won a close re-election by running on the slogan "He kept us out of the war." However, soon after his re-election, the U.S. would head closer and closer to war. Early in 1917, the U.S. received evidence that the German foreign minister Arthur Zimmermann contacted Mexico and encouraged them to join the war against the U.S. if the U.S. enters and Germany would help Mexico receive lost territory in the Southwest of America. This was known as the Zimmermann Telegram. Americans concluded that war with Germany was necessary. In addition, Germany announced unrestricted submarine warfare, which they would begin on February 1, 1917. By the end of March, German U-boats had sunk at least six American ships. The U.S. would declare war in April. **What were the two major reasons the U.S. entered the war?**

17. New agencies were created to mobilize the war effort inside the U.S. One of the most important new agencies was the War Industries Board (WIB). It was established in July 1917 to coordinate the production of war materials. At first, the WIB's authority was limited, but problems with production convinced Wilson to expand its powers and appoint Bernard Baruch, a Wall Street stockholder, to run it. The WIB told manufacturers what they could produce, allocated raw materials, ordered the construction of new factories. As a result of Baruch's business sense and leadership, production of war materials greatly increased. Herbert Hoover headed the new food administration looking for ways to preserve food for the soldiers. Harry Garfield headed the fuel administration managing the coal and oil resources to conserve energy. **What was the role of Bernard Baruch?**

18. **Baruch was effective because he was a(n) (A) businessman (B) politician (C) soldier (D) factory worker (E) all (F) none**

19. Desperate for workers (since soldiers were being enlisted and sent overseas), Henry Ford and other businesses sent company agents to the South to recruit African Americans to come north to work. Promises of high wages and plentiful work brought between 30,000 and 50,000. This massive population movement became known as the "Great Migration." It greatly altered the racial makeup of cities such as Detroit, Chicago, New York, and Cleveland. African Americans also saw more rights in the north, such as voting. **What was the Great Migration?**

20. President Wilson created the Committee on Public Information to "sell" the war to the American people. Headed by George Creel, a journalist, the CPI recruited advertising executives, artists, authors, songwriters, entertainers, public speakers, and motion picture companies to help sway public opinion in favor of the war. The CPI organized several "four minute speeches at movie theaters (the length of time to change the movie reel between films was four minutes). These speakers became known as Four Minute Men. They urged audiences to support the war in various ways from buying war bonds to reporting draft dodgers to the authorities. **What were Four Minute Men?**

21. Can the government limit free speech? In //Schenck v. United States,// 1919 and //Abrams v. United States//, 1919 this question was taken up by the court. In the fall of 1917, Charles Schenck mailed pamphlets to draftees telling them the draft was wrong, and urging them tow rite protest letters. In August 1918, Jacob Abrams wrote pamphlets denouncing the war and criticizing the decision to send troops to Russia to fight communist forces. Both men were convicted of violating the Espionage Act. Both appealed their convictions all the way to the Supreme Court. In both cases, the Supreme Court upheld the Espionage Act (Schenck and Abrams would still be guilty), concluding that under certain circumstances, the government can indeed limit free speech. Court's Opinion (against Schenck and Abrams): "//The most stringent protection of free speech would not protect a man in falsely shouting fire in a theater causing a panic...the question in every case is whether the words used are used in such circumstances and are of such a nature as to create a clear and present danger that they will bring about the substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent. It is a question of proximity and degree. When a nation is at war, many things that might be said in time of peace are such a hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not be endured so long as men fight, and that no court could regard them as protected by any constitutional rights//." - Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes write for the Court in the Schenck Case Dissenting Views (in favor of Schenck and Abrams): "It is only the present danger of immediate evil or an intent to bring it about that warrants Congress is setting a limit to the expression of opinion where private rights are not concerned...Now nobody can suppose that the surreptitious publishing of a silly leaflet by an unknown man, without more, would present any immediate danger that its opinions would hinder the success of the government arms...the ultimate good desired is better reached by free trade in ideas - that the best test of truth is the power of the thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the market..." - Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes dissenting in Abrams (he was against Schenck but for Abrams). Basically, the Supreme Court ruled that the laws passed by Congress to prohibit speaking out against the war were constitutional. This is not the case today, but was in 1917. **Do you support the Court's opinion or the dissenting view? Why?**

22. Take a look at some of the various types of propaganda used in the U.S.:
 * How did the government use propaganda and how is it effective?**

23. The main way WWI was fought was in the trenches, dug by the front line troops. The trenches stretched from the English Channel to the Swiss border. To prevent the enemy from overrunning the trenches, troops relied upon a new weapon, the machine gun, to hold off the attackers. The space between opposing trenches was called no-man's land. It was a rough barren landscape filled with craters from artillery fire. To prevent troops from crossing no-man's-land, both sides built barbe4d wire entanglements and obstacles in front of their trenches. New technology was available as well. Poisonous gas was first used by the Germans. This led to the development of gas masks. The armored tank began to be introduced in 1915. Airplanes were first used in WWI with pilots who had a machine gun mounted on the plane and would drop hand grenades from the sky. Airplanes, though, were mostly used to scout. Tanks were immune to machine gun fire and were able to smash through the barbed wire. Bombs could be dropped from airplanes onto trenches and ground artillery. Technology in the war was rapidly changing.
 * How was WWI fought?**

24. **Which weapons ended the use of trenches? (A) machine guns (B) improved artillery (C) poisonous gasses (D) tanks and airplanes (E) all (F) none**

25. No American troopships were sunk on their way to Europe thanks to the efforts of Admiral William S. Sims. The British preferred to fight German submarines by sending warships to find them, while merchant ships would race across the Atlantic. This approach enabled German submarines to inflict heavy losses on British shipping. Sims proposed that merchant ships and troop transports be gathered into groups, called convoys. Small highly maneuverable warships called destroyers would protect and escort the convoys across the Atlantic. Convoys also saved lives. If a ship was sunk, other ships in the convoy could rescue survivors. The system worked. Convoys greatly reduced shipping losses and ensured that a large number of American troops arrived safely in Europe in time to help stop Germany's last great offensive on the Western front. **Why was Admiral William S. Sims's idea of the convoy system effective? (A) reduced shipping losses (B) set up mines in the ocean (C) bombed trenches from sea (D) it wasn't useful (E) all (F) none**

26. October 8, 1918, Argonne Forest, France: "So on the morning of the 8th, just before daylight, we started for the hill of Chattel Chehery. So before we got there it got light, and the Germans sent over a heavy barrage and also gas, and we put on our gas masks and just pressed right on through those shells and got to the top of hill 2223...At the zero hour...we done went over the top...The Germans...jes stopped us in our tracks. Their machine guns were up there on the heights overlooking us and well hidden, and we couldn't tell for certain where the terrible heavy fire was coming from...So we decided to try and get them by a surprise attack in the rear...So there was 17 of us boys went around on the left flank to see if we couldn't put those guns out of action." - from Sergeant Alvin York. York's platoon charged the machine guns. By the end of the battle, York had killed 9 to 25 Germans, captured the machine guns, and took 132 prisoners. For his actions, he received the Medal of Honor. Once he was back home, he used his fame to raise money to start the Alvin York Institute, a school for poor Tennessee children. The allies would go on to win the Battle of the Argonne Forest. Soon after, the Germans were retreating from the Western Front. **Why was victory in the Argonne Forest important? (A) U.S. got key land (B) stopped U-boat sinkings (C) caused Germans to retreat for the final time (D) made the treaty (E) all (F) none**

27. President Wilson had developed his plan for peace, which was called the Fourteen Points. He believed that his plans would bring a lasting peace if implemented. This plan showed his Progressive principles in terms of believing that government, even a global type of government, could solve all problems. However, the other major allied nation - Britain, France, and Russia - were interested in punishing Germany and the Central Powers. Wilson agreed to a harsh treaty and abandoned his push for the Fourteen Points in order to preserve a point that he wanted, which was an international peacekeeping organization known as the League of Nations (remember he likes the idea of a global type of government). Therefore, the Treaty of Versailles was harsh on Germany and didn't target the problems that led to the war to begin with. **What was Wilson's plan for peace called? What would the name of the treaty be?**

28. Use the map below to answer the questions
 * Which new nations formed from Austria-Hungary? What became of Russia?**

29. Use the chart below to answer the question.
 * Why was the treaty harsh towards Germany (cite the specific reasons). What territory did France regain from Germany?**

30. Even though President Wilson approved of the treaty, it still had to be ratified in the Senate, which wasn't a sure thing for Wilson. Opposition to the treaty was focused on the League of Nations. Senators against the treaty didn't like that the global community could dictate when there was military action. The senators pointed out that Congress, and only Congress, can declare war and that other nations can't say when we go to war. Ratifying the treaty, however, would mean the U.S. agreed to the collective security measures within the League, giving up U.S. sovereignty. Wilson believed the League was necessary to keep peace in the world. Do you agree with Wilson and support the treaty or do you agree with the senators? Why?

31. When terrorists attacked the U.S. on 9/11, many Americans believed the U.S. was experiencing something new- multiple attacks by a terrorist organization. It is almost forgotten by the American people that in June 1919, eight bombs exploded in eight American cities within minutes of each other, and another 30 bombs sent through the mail were intercepted before the exploded. In September 1920 an even larger bomb exploded in New York. Socialists were responsible. This led to the Second Red Scare, the fear of the spread of communism. Radicals were opposed by overwhelming majorities especially since they were using violence. As it did after 9/11, the U.S. government created a new federal agency to protect the American people. In 1919, the government created the General Intelligence Division, headed by J. Edgar Hoover, which grew within the Bureau of Investigation to become the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation). In 2002, the government had created the Department of Homeland Security to combat terrorism. **Which new government agency formed when radical socialists exploded bombs in 1919? (A) Homeland Security (B) CIA (C) Secret Service (D) FBI (E) all (F) none**

32. **Why did the Red Scare being to stop the spread of communism? (A) Russia was now communist (B) radicals sent bombs in the mail (C) we were still at war (D) racism (E) all (F) none**

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