US_Ch10_Homework-1

=**U.S. History Chapter 10 Homework #1**= Answer the following on notebook paper:

1. In February 1945, with the war in Europe almost over, Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin met at Yalta, a Soviet resort on the Black Sea, to plan the postwar world. Although the conference seemed to go well, several agreements reached at Yalta later played an important role in causing the Cold War. The first issue discussed at Yalta was what to do about Poland. Shortly after the Germans invaded Poland, the Polish government fled to Britain. In 1944, however, Soviet troops drove back the Germans and entered Poland. As they liberated Poland from German control, the soviets encouraged Polish Communists to set up a new government. This meant there were now two governments claiming the right to govern Poland - one Communist and one non-Communist. Roosevelt and Churchill both argued that the Poles should be free to choose their own government. Stalin responded that since Poland bordered the USSR, he needed to ensure there was a friendly government there. FDR and Churchill agreed to accept the government set up by the Soviets and Stalin agreed to allow officials from prewar Poland in the government. FDR didn't stand up to Stalin as he should have. Freedom is freedom and Poland would not be allowed complete freedom due to Stalin. **Stalin showed his goals of a Soviet Bloc when he tried to keep a communist government in (A) Germany (B) Poland (C) Czechoslovakia (D) Hungary (E) all (F) none**

2. At Yalta, FDR, Churchill, and Stalin agreed to the Declaration on Liberated Europe, in which they agreed to restore order, relieve distress, and form governments broadly represented by democratic principles. Two weeks after Yalta, Stalin pressured the king of Romania into appointing a Communist government. Later, the Soviets refused to allow more than three non-Communist Poles into the Polish Communist government. There was no indication that Stalin intended to hold democratic elections in Poland. FDR had hoped that an Allied victory and the formation of the United Nations would lead to a more peaceful world. Instead, as the war came to an end, the U.S. and the Soviet Union became increasingly hostile toward each other. Basically, one harsh dictator (Hitler) was gone, but another (Stalin) was taking his place as a threat to the world. This all led to an era of confrontation and competition between the two nations that lasted from 1946 to 1990. This era became known as the Cold War. **Confrontation and competition between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. was the (A) Cold War (B) World War III (C) Iron Curtain (D) Free World View (E) all (F) none**

3. Did the Soviet Union cause the Cold War? Many people have debated who was responsible for the Cold War. Most Americans, including George Kennan, who served in Russia, believed that the Soviet ideology and insecurity was what brought on the Cold War. Of course the Soviets feel the opposite and committed socialists and communists even in the U.S. side with the Soviets. YES (the Soviets started the Cold War) - George Kennan, American diplomat: "//The USSR still believes in antagonistic capitalist encirclement with which in the long run there can be no permanent peaceful coexistence...At bottom of the Kremlin's neurotic view of world affairs is traditional and instinctive Russian sense of insecurity...And they have learned to seek security only in patient but deadly struggle for total destruction of rival power, never in compacts and compromises with it. In summary, we have here a political force committed fanatically to the belief that...if it desirable and necessary that the internal harmony of our society be disrupted, our traditional way of life be destorye3d, the international authority of our state be broken, if soviet power is to be secure.//" NO (the Soviets did not start the Cold War) - Andrei Zhdanov, Advisor to Stalin: "//The more the war recedes into the past, the more distinct becomes...the division of the political forces operating on the international arena into two major camps...The principle driving force of the imperialist camp is the U.S.A. The cardinal purpose of the imperialist camp is to strengthen imperialism, to hatch a new imperialist war, to combat socialism, and to support reactionary and antidemocratic profascist regimes...As embodiment of a new and superior social system, the Soviet Union reflects in its foreign policy the aspirations of progressive mankind, which desires lasting peace and has nothing to gain from a new war hatched by capitalism.//"
 * What is Kennan's point vs. Zhdanov's point? Why is Kennan right?**

4. When the U.S. State Department contacted the American embassy in Moscow to find out what the Soviet intentions were, George Kennan responded with the Long Telegram, a 5,540-word message explaining his views of the Soviets. He suggested a policy of containment, or keeping communism from spreading. While the Truman Administration discussed Kennan's ideas, a series of crises erupted during the spring and summer of 1946. Soviet troops remained in Iran past the deadline for withdrawing and began to demand access ot Iran's oil supplies. to increase the pressure, Soviet troops helped local communists in northern Iran establish a separate government. U.S. pressure forced the Soviets to leave. Frustrated in Iran, Stalin turned northwest to Turkey. Truman's advisor Dean Acheson saw this as another attempt by the Soviets to control he Middle East. The Soviets also targeted Greece. Truman asked Congress for funding to help Greece and Turkey and announced that it would be U.S. policy to helped free people resist takeovers by armed minorities. This became known as the Truman Doctrine. In addition, Secretary of State George Marshall proposed the European Recovery Program, Marshall Plan, which would give economic aid to European nations to recovery from the war. The idea was to keep communists from coming in and setting up communism. A situation took place in Berlin, which led to another change. The Soviets blocked access roads through Communist controlled East Germany into West Berlin (Berlin was divided like Germany and West was free while East was Communist). Therefore, the U.S. flew into West Berlin and dropped food and supplies from the sky in what was called the Berlin Airlift. This led to the formation of NATO or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. It was a defensive alliance against Communism. **Which was used to wage the Cold War against the USSR? (A) Truman Doctrine (B) Marshall Plan (C) Containment to stop communism from spreading (D) NATO (E) all (F) none**

5. In 1950, Communist North Korea crossed the 38th parallel and invaded South Korea. The North Koreans drove the South to the southeast corner of the Korean Peninsula, which is called the Pusan Perimeter and looked as though the Communists were going to take over all of Korea. President Truman saw this as a test on the containment policy. He also went to the United Nations, which supported helping South Korea. The Soviet Union could've block U.N. help with a veto but the USSR was boycotting the U.N. since the U.N. still recognized the Chinese Nationalists as the leaders of China even though the Communists took over mainland China in 1949. General Douglas MacArthur and the U.S. soldiers landed at Inchon in what was a very risk operation, but were able to drive the Communists back across the 38th parallel. **In the Korean War, where did forces under General MacArthur land and cut off the North Korean army? (A) Seoul (B) Pusan (C) Pyongyang (D) Inchon (E) all (F) none**

6. The Red Scare was the fear of the spread of communism in the U.S. The post-WWII scare was the Second Red Scare. There was legitimate concern for this fear. Truman established the loyalty service program to screen all federal employees. The House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) was set up to help investigate. J. Edgar Hoover was the head of the FBI and kept files on all suspects. There were individuals in America who were found guilty of providing secrets including atomic secrets to the Soviets including Alger Hiss, Klaus Fuchs, and the Rosenbergs (Julius and Ethel). Senator Joseph McCarthy took the lead of investigate the infiltration of communists in the U.S. government. **The postwar period saw an infiltration of which group in the government? (A) Nazis (B) Fascists (C) Communists (D) War Hawks (E) all (F) none**

7. The Cold War convinced many Americans that they needed to be prepared to survive a nuclear attack. While authorities made Civil Defense plans, individuals took it upon themselves to build bomb shelters and stockpile supplies. In the 1950s, school children took part in "duck-and-cover" drills designed to give them a chance at surviving a nuclear blast if they were far enough from the epicenter. The children would crouch down under their desks. The Civil Defense Agency set up bomb shelters in cities, and made plans to assist survivors after an attack. Today the Civil Defense Agency is known as FEMA - Federal Emergency Management Agency. Some Americans invested in personal bomb shelters stocked with food to allow them to survive a bomb blast and the radiation that would follow. **How did Americans prepare for nuclear war?**

8. In terms of Cold War technology, President Eisenhower's emphasis on nuclear weapons required new technology to deliver them. Eisenhower wanted to make sure that the United States could wage nuclear war even if the Soviets destroyed American bases in Europe or Asia. This required technology that would allow the U.S. to strike the USSR without needing bases in Europe. In 1955, the U.S. Air Force unveiled the huge B-52 bomber which could fly across continents to drop nuclear bombs. Intercontinental Ballistic Missiles, or ICBMs were available. Because bombers could be shot down, Eisenhower also approved the development of ICBMs that could reach anywhere in the world in less than 30 minutes. The Atlas missile was the first American ICBM. It was also used to launch the first seven U.S. astronauts. It is still used today to launch satellites. Eisenhower also began a program to build submarines capable of launching nuclear missiles from underwater. The Polaris submarine launched in 1960 and carried 16 nuclear missiles. **The bomber could carry nuclear weapons across continents; s were missiles that could reach anywhere in the world in 30 minutes with the A missile being the first. The P-- was a s that was capable of carrying nuclear missiles.**

9. As the United States began to develop ICBMs, Americans were stunned to discover that the Soviet Union already had them. On October 4, 1957, the Soviets demonstrated this technology by launching //Sputnik//, the first artificial satellite to orbit Earth. Worried that the U.S. was falling behind, Congress created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, or NASA to coordinate missile research and space exploration. It also passed the National Defense Education Act, which provided funds for education in science, math, and foreign languages. //Sputnik// marked the beginning of a new era - the use of satellites in space. Both nations in the Cold War began launching satellites to assist in communications and travel. They transmit television and cell phone signals, and the satellites of the Global Positional System (GPS) helps ships and airplanes to navigate. Hikers and drivers can also buy GPS receivers to help determine where they are. **What was //Sputnik//? What are satellites used for today?**

10. President Eisenhower relied on brinkmanship - the willingness to go to the brink of war to force the other side to back down - and it worked. However, he knew it could not work in all situations. It could prevent war, but it could not, for example, prevent Communists from staging revolutions within countries. To prevent Communist uprisings in other countries, Eisenhower decided to use covert, or hidden, operations conducted by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Many of the CIA's operations took place in developing nations - nations with primarily agricultural economies. Many of these countries blamed European imperialism and American capitalism for their problems. Their leaders looked to the Soviet Union as a model of how to industrialize their countries. They often threatened to nationalize, or put under government control, foreign businesses operating in their countries. **The CIA helped stop Communist uprisings in developing countries by hidden operations called (A) brinkmanship (B) containment (C) propaganda (D) covert (E) all (F) none**

11. In 1960, the Soviet Union shot down an American U-2 spy plane in Soviet air space. The incident led to a dramatic confrontation at the U.S.-Soviet summit in Paris in 1960. Calling President Eisenhower "a thief caught red-handed," Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev warned the Paris summit that further spy flights would lead to war. The U-2 was America's most sophisticated spy plane, able to fly higher than any other plane at the time. America needed to use this technology since the Soviets were looking to spread Communism. **Why was the U-2 used as a spy plane? (A) speed (B0 flew high so it would be tough to detect (C) didn't make noise (D) it wasn't, it was a bomber (E) all (F) none**

12. After the Soviets put down the uprising against Communism in Budapest, Hungary in 1956 and launched //Sputnik// in 1957, Khrushchev said "We will bury capitalism." He even demanded the withdrawal of Allied troops from West Berlin. Secretary of State John Dulles rejected this demand and used brinkmanship to get Khrushchev to back down. Eisenhower and Khrushchev agreed to the Paris summit but it broke down due to the U-2 incident. In this climate of heightened tension, President Eisenhower prepared to leave office. In January 1961 he delivered a farewell address to the nation. In the address he pointed out that a new relationship had developed between the military establishment and the defense industry. He warned Americans to be on guard against the influence of this military-industrial complex in a democracy. Although he had avoided war and kept communism contained, Eisenhower was also frustrated: "I confess I lay down my official responsibility in this field with a definite sense of disappointment...I wish I could say that a lasting peace is in sight." **Why would Eisenhower feel the need to warn about the military-industrial complex?**

13. One reason the American economy rebounded so quickly after WWII was that it cut spending and taxes like after WWI. In addition, the Servicemen's Readjustment Act of 1944, popularly called the GI Bill of Rights. The act subsidized college tuition and provided zero down-payment, low-interest loans to veterans to help them buy homes and establish businesses. Veterans flocked to colleges in large numbers after the war. Among them was William Oskay, Jr. who attended Penn State in 1946. By 1947, nearly half of all people attending college were veterans. At the University of Iowa, 60% of students were veterans in 1947. By 1956, when the GI program ended, 7.8 million veterans had used it to attend college. Another 2.4 million veterans used the program to obtain home loans. **The - - Bill led to increases in c-- enrollment and new h--- construction.**

14. Harry Truman was re-elected in 1948 and in his 1949 State of the Union Address, he reiterated his domestic policy agenda called for a "fair deal." His policies would be called the Fair Deal, separating his agenda from the New Deal. He looked to increase the minimum wage and increase Social Security benefits. He also looked for the government to provide housing for those with low income. Ultimately, he was increasing government-reliance and the role government played in peoples' lives. **The Truman Administration's domestic agenda was labeled (A) Do-Nothing (B) New Deal (C) Fair Deal (D) Dynamic Conservatism (E) all (F) none**

15. The Federal Highway Act passed under Dwight Eisenhower, which set up a system of interstate highways linking the nation. The interstate highway system contributed to the growth of suburbs and urban sprawl. Interstates let people commute long distances from home to work. Interstate highways made distribution of goods by transport truck fast and efficient. The trucking industry is the main way to transport goods today. Interstate travel encouraged the development of cheap hotel chains, roadside convenient stores, and fast food restaurants located near interest exits. **What led to the rise of suburbs, growth of commercial trucking, and roadside businesses? (A) Cold War (B) Fair Deal (C) prosperity (D) interstate highways (E) all (F) none**

16. The 1950s saw a major economic boom. Improved manufacturing technology was one contributing factor. The largest generation, the Baby Boom Generation, was born after WWII. Average family income tripled during the decade, which means the standard of living improved for just about everyone. Hard work certainly paid off in America in the 1950s and capitalism was again proving to give the most opportunity, freedom, and success of all economic systems. The number of white-collar jobs increased as well. Such jobs referred to office jobs, while blue-collar jobs were those in manufacturing. Franchises also began to increase, which are businesses in which a person owns and runs several stores of a chain operation. The electronics industry made rapid advances after WWII. In 1947, the transistor was developed, which was a tiny device that generated electric signals and made it possible to miniaturize radios and calculators and allowed them to be moved around. The transistor replaced the glass vacuum tubes (if one broke, the object wouldn't work, so wasn't moved around much). The age of computers was also at it's start with the first computer, the ENIAC. There were medical breakthroughs as well. New antibiotics and vaccines would help fight infection. Dr. Jonas Salk developed the vaccine for polio. Developments in radiation and chemotherapy helped many cancer patients live longer. CPR was a new method to resuscitate a patient. TB (tuberculosis) tests began too as cures for TB were developed. **The 1950s saw an economic boom due to improved manufacturing t-, family income t--, and the number of w c-- jobs increased.**

17. **List the advances in electronics:**

18. **List advances in medicine:**

19. Dr. Jonas Salk: The man who developed the vaccine for one of the nation's most feared diseases almost did not go into medicine. Jonas Salk enrolled in college as a pre-law student but soon changed his mind. "My mother didn't think I would make a very good lawyer," Salk said, "probably because I could never win an argument with her." Salk switched his major to pre-med and went on to become a research scientist. Every so often, Salk would make rounds in the overcrowded polio wards of a hospital near his lab, where nurses described their feelings of helpless rage. One nurse said, "I can remember how the staff used to kid Dr. Salk - kidding in earnest - telling him to hurry up and do something." Salk became famous for the polio vaccine he developed in 1952. The shy doctor, however, did not desire fame. About becoming a celebrity, Salk observed that it was "a transitory thing and you wait till it blows over. Eventually people will start thinking 'that poor guy' and leave me along. Then I'll be able to get back to my laboratory." **What character traits do you think made Dr. Salk a successful research scientist?"**

20. A new form of entertainment began in the 1950s - television. Favorite shows included I Love Lucy, Howdy Doody, and The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet. Radio was only able to survive because of car radios. The movie industry responded with 3-D movies. Also, drive-in movies grew and became famous. A new music craze developed as well, called Rock 'n' Roll led by the "King of Rock 'n' Roll," Elvis Presley. **The 1950s saw the new form of news and entertainment - t- and a new music craze r--- - r--- with E P--.**

21. By the end of the 1950s, many major U.S. cities were in decline. Although numerous programs were launched in the 1960s to try to improve living conditions and eliminate poverty, the problem has proven more difficult than first anticipated. Since then clear till today, trillions of dollars have been spent to help urban poverty, yet the inner city has remained essentially unchanged. A major area of poverty from the 1950s was the mountainous region from New York to Georgia called Appalachia that saw a major decline in the coal industry due to mechanization as well as other sources of energy. **How do poverty conditions in the 1950s compare to today?**

22. **A was a poverty region from New York to Georgia due to mechanization of the c--- industry.**

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