US_Ch3_Homework-1

=**U.S. History Chapter 3 Homework #1**= Answer the following on notebook paper.

1. Helping freed African Americans find their way as citizens of the U.S. was only one of the problems the nation faced. At the end of the Civil War, the South was a defeated region with a devastated economy. While some Southerners were bitter over the Union military victory, for many rebuilding their land and their lives was more important. Meanwhile, the president and Congress grappled with the difficult task of Reconstruction, or rebuilding the nation after the war. In December 1863, President Lincoln set forth his moderate plan for reuniting the country as he wanted to reconcile the South with the Union instead of punishing it for treason. He offered a general amnesty (pardon to a whole group) to all Southerners who took an oath of loyalty to the U.S. and accepted the Union's proclamation concerning slavery. When 10% of a state's voters in the 1860 presidential election had taken this oath, they could organize a new state government. Certain people, such as Confederate government and military officials, could not take the oath or be pardoned. Resistance to Lincoln's plan surfaced at once among a group of Republicans in Congress known as Radical Republicans. Led by PA Representative Thaddeus Stevens and Massachusetts Senator Charles Sumner, the radicals wanted to prevent the leaders of the Confederacy from returning to power after the war. They also wanted the Republican Party to become a powerful institution in the South. Finally, and perhaps most importantly, they wanted the federal government to help African Americans achieve political equality by guaranteeing their right to vote in the South. **Which group led by Thaddeus Stevens (PA) and Charles Sumner (Mass.) wanted to punish the South? (A) Lincoln's advisors (B) War Democrats (C) Radical Republicans (D) Whigs (E) all (F) none**

2. Lincoln realized that the South was already in chaos, with thousands unemployed, homeless, and hungry. At the same time, the victorious Union armies had to try to help the large numbers of African Americans who flocked to Union lines as the war progressed. As Sherman marched through Georgia and South Carolina, thousands of freed African Americans - now known as freedmen - began following his troops seeking food and shelter. In March 1865, Congress established the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands, better known as the Freedmen's Bureau. The bureau was directed to feeding and clothing war refugees in the South using surplus army supplies. Beginning in September 1865, it issued nearly 30,000 rations a day for the next year. The bureau helped formerly enslaved people find work on plantations and negotiated labor contracts with planters. Many Northerners argued that people who had been enslaved should receive land to support themselves now that they were free. To others, however, taking land from plantation owners and giving it to freedmen seemed to violate the nation's commitment to individual property rights. As a result, Congress refused to confirm the right of African Americans to own the lands that had been seized from plantation owners and given to them. **After the war, which federal agency would help former slaves find work and equality? (A) Union army (B) cabinet (C) Freedmen's Bureau (D) South (E) all (F) none**

3. Andrew Johnson, a War Democrat from the Confederate state of Tennessee, was put on the ticket with Lincoln in 1864 to show unity in the war. Johnson became president when Lincoln was assassinated and took a moderate view on Reconstruction. In the summer of 1865, with Congress in recess, Johnson began implementing his reconstruction plan. Johnson offered to pardon all former citizens of the Confederacy who took an oath of loyalty to the Union and to return their property. He excluded from the pardon the same people Lincoln had excluded. Like Lincoln, Johnson required Southern states to ratify the 13th amendment. The former Confederate states, for the most part, met Johnson's requirements and began to organize new governments. By the time Congress gathered for its next session in December 1865, Johnson's plan was well underway. Many members o Congress were astonished and angered when they realized that Southern voters had elected dozens of Confederate leaders to Congress. Moderate Republicans joined with the Radical Republicans and voted to reject the new Southern members of Congress. Congressional Republicans were also angry that the new Southern legislatures had passed laws, known as black codes, which seemed to be intended to keep African Americans in a condition similar to slavery. These codes required blacks to enter into annual labor contracts, established specific hours of labor, and required them to get licenses for nonagricultural work all punishable for violating. **How did the South keep blacks in a condition like slavery? (A) kept slave laws (B) put them in prison (C) denied voting rights (D) Black Codes (E) all (F) none**

4. In March 1866, congressional Reconstruction began with the passage of an act intended to override the black codes. The Civil Rights Act of 1866 granted citizenship to all person born in the U.S. except for Native Americans. The act guaranteed the rights of African Americans to own property and stated that they were to be treated equally in court. It also gave the federal government the power to sue people who violated these rights. Johnson vetoed the act, arguing it was unconstitutional and would "cause discord among the races." This veto caused the remaining moderate Republicans to join the radicals in overriding Johnson's veto, and the act became law. Fearing that the Civil Rights Act might later be overturned in court, however, the radicals introduced the 14th amendment to the Constitution. This amendment granted citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the U.S. and declared that no state could deprive any person of life, liberty, or property "without due process of law." It also declared that no state could deny any person "equal protection of the laws." In 1866, the amendment was ratified. Johnson tried to use the 14th amendment as an issue in the 1866 midterm elections against the radicals to have the radicals lose seats in Congress, but instead the radicals gained seats in Congress and could now override anything Johnson did. **What did blacks get with the 14th amendment?**

5. With their majority secure, and a trusted president (Ulysses Grant) now in office after the election of 1868, congressional Republicans moved to give blacks the right to vote. Congress passed the 15th amendment that declared that the right to vote "shall not be denied...on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude." By March 1870, the amendment had been ratified. **What did blacks get with the 15th amendment?**

6. Reconstruction provided African Americans with new opportunities to participate in politics. Many took part in the state constitution conventions and were elected to state legislatures - achieving a majority in Southern Carolina's state assembly - and to local offices. **Why do you think blacks were enthusiastic about participating in politics?**

7. Many Southern leaders realized the South could never return to the pre-Civil War agricultural economy dominated by the planter elite. Instead, they called for the creation of a "New South" - a phrase coined by Henry Grady, editor of the //Atlanta Constitution//. They believed the region had to develop a strong industrial economy. Southern industry began to grow from an alliance between powerful white Southerners and Northern financiers. For many African Americans, however, it was still the "Old South" where they had little political power and were forced to labor under difficult and often unfair conditions. The collapse of Reconstruction ended African Americans hopes of being granted their own land in the South. Instead, many returned to plantations owned by whites, where they either worked for wages or became tenant farmers, paying rent for the land they farmed. Many tenant farmers became sharecroppers who didn't pay their rent in cash, but instead paid a share of their crops - often as much as 1/2 to 2/3 to cover their rent as well as the cost of the seed, fertilizer, tools, and animals they needed. The Civil War had ended slavery, but Reconstruction had left many African Americans trapped in poverty. **What was sharecropping?**

8. In 1859, a prospector named Henry Comstock staked a claim in Six-Mile Canyon, near Virginia City, Nevada. Frustrated by his failure to find any gold, Comstock sold his claim a few months later. He had not realized that the sticky, blue-gray clay that made mining in the area difficult was in fact nearly pure silver ore. News of the Comstock Lode, as the strike came to be called, brought a flood of eager prospectors to Virginia City. So many people arrived that, in 1864, Nevada was admitted as the 36th state. The Comstock Lode had generated more than $230 million and helped the Union finance the war. The story of the Comstock Lode was replayed numerous times in the American West as mineral strikes led prospectors to move westward. New growing towns from mineral strikes, called boomtowns, were towns formed from rapid economic growth. **What news would start moves west and turn the frontier into small cities? (A) war (B) mineral strikes from mining (C) available ranches for cattle (D) no more slaves (E) all (F) none**

9. Men were usually first to arrive at a mining site, but women soon followed. Many found work in laundries or as cooks. Others worked at "hurdy-gurdy" houses (named after the mechanical violin), where they waited on tables and danced with men for the price of a drink. Some women became property owners and community leaders. Boomtowns could not last forever because, eventually, the mines that supported the economy would be used up. A few boomtowns were able to survive when the mines closed, but many did not. Instead, they went "bust" - a term borrowed from card games that refers to players losing all of their money. Towns that would be completely abandoned were called "ghost-towns." **What were "hurdy gurdy" houses?**

10. Mining also spurred the growth of Colorado, Arizona, the Dakotas, and Montana. After gold was discovered in 1858 in Colorado near Pikes Peak miners rushed to the area. There was plenty of gold there but it was tougher to extract. These mineral strikes led to growth in the Midwest as railroads would be built through the Rocky Mountains. Gold discovered in the Black Hills in the Dakotas and copper in Montana led to the growth in the northern parts of the Louisiana territory. In 1889, North Dakota, South Dakota, and Montana all became states. Silver was also found in Arizona around Tombstone, which became famous for its lawlessness. Marshall Wyatt Earp and his brothers gained their reputations during the famous gunfight at the O.K. Corral in 1881. Mining technology developed in the late 1800s as mining companies developed hydraulic mining to remove large quantities of earth and process it for minerals. This was done by spraying water with high pressure hoses on the sides of mountains. **Who was the famous Marshall of Tombstone involved in the gunfight at the O.K. Corral? (A) Wyatt Earp (B) Billy the Kid (C) Henry Comstock (D) John Deere (E) all (F) none**

11. **What role did mining play in development of the West? (A) increased violence (B) began westward expansion (C) argument over whether or not to use slaves led to war (D) prospectors came and enough population led to statehood (E) all (F) none**

12. Cowboys would drive their cattle from their ranches in Texas or Oklahoma to the railroads in Midwest to be shipped to slaughterhouses. Charles Goodnight and Oliver Loving carved out the Goodnight-Loving Trail from Texas to Colorado, New Mexico, and Wyoming. Goodnight spoke of the dangers of the night stampede. "The cattle were nervous and easily frightened, and the slightest noise might startle them into running. The heat developed by a large drove of cattle during a stampede was surprising...Animal heat seems to attract electricity, especially when the cattle are wet, and after a storm I have seen the faces of men riding with a herd scorched as if some furnace blast had blazed against them." **What would lead to a stampede? H--- and attraction of e-- to w-- cattle.**

13. Using the Map: **Why did cattle drives usually stop where they did? (A) too long of a journey (B) that's where the slaughterhouses were (C) that's where the railroads were (D) couldn't cross the border into Canada (E) all (F) none**

14. Using the Map: **From the cattle stockyards where the cattle drives ended, which city would be the railroads' destination (majority)? (A) Abilene (B) Chicago (C) St. Louis (D) New Orleans (E) all (F) none**

15. For centuries, much of what is today the American Southwest belonged to Spain's empire. After Mexico won its independence, the region became the northern territories of the Republic of Mexico. When the U.S. defeated Mexico in 1848 and took control of the region, it acquired the Spanish-speaking population living there. According to the Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo ending the war, the region's residents retained their property rights and became American citizens. In California, Spanish missions had collapsed by the early 1800s. In its place, a society dominated by a landholding elite had emerged. These landowners owned vast haciendas, or huge ranches that covered thousands of acres. The heavy influx of Forty-Niners during the Gold Rush changed this society dramatically. Suddenly, California Hispanics were greatly outnumbered. Hispanics in the Southwest began to see their status diminish and many lost their land to new settlers from the eastern part of the U.S. The cattle boom of the 1870s and 1880s had a tremendous impact on Hispanics in the Southwest and the Hispanic population grew. **Which group would settle much of the American Southwest with huge ranches? (A) Hispanics (B) former slaves (C) Chinese (D) Native Americans (E) all (F) none**

16. The population of the Great Plains grew steadily in the decades after the Civil War. Land once thought to be worthless for farming was transformed into America's wheat belt. Homesteaders faced many challenges. Without trees to use for timber, many early settlers built their homes from chunks of sod, densely packed soil held together by grass roots. Sodbusters were those who plowed the Plains. Large farms as a big business were called bonanza farms. To obtain water, they had to drill wells more than 100 feet deep and operate the pump by hand. In 1862, the Homestead Act passed, which encouraged settlement in the Great Plains by selling a homestead, or a tract of public land available for settlement. **The Great Plains was once thought to be useless but became important for growing...(A) cotton (B) wheat (C) sugar (D) grass (E) all (F) none**

17. Farm machinery changed as well. Farmers are indebted to the inventions of John Deere and Cyrus McCormick. Deere's steel plow broke through the hard ground. McCormick's mechanical reaper did the work of five men. Later inventions included a mechanical harrow to help prepare the ground for seeds and a grain drill to plant seeds. Windmills were vital to settling the Great Plains where farmers faced one major problem - a lack of water. There were few rivers, and it rarely rained. To get water, settlers drilled deep wells and used windmills to pump the water to the surface. The strong winds on the flat, treeless plains were an ideal power source. **What were windmills used for? (A) decoration (B) provide electricity (C) pump water (D) run the farm equipment (E) all (F) none**

18. For centuries, the Great Plains were home to many groups of Native Americans. Some lived in communities as farmers and hunters, but many were nomads who roamed vast distances, following their main source of food - the buffalo. The groups of Plains Indians were similar in many ways. Plains Indian nations were divided into bands consisting of up to 500 people. A governing council headed each band, but most members participated in making decisions. Most lived in extended family groups and believed in the spiritual power of the natural world. The ranchers, miners, and farmers who moved onto the Plains deprived Native Americans of their hunting grounds, broke treaties guaranteeing certain lands to the Plains Indians, and Indian losses in battle let to relocating. Native Americans often attacked wagon trains, stagecoaches, and ranches. By 1890, Native Americans were put on reservations. **By 1890, what happened to the Native Americans? (A) they died off (B) killed in battle (C) put on reservations (D) rose up against the American army (E) all (F) none**

19. In 1876, prospectors overran the Lakota Sioux reservation in the Dakota Territory to mine gold in the Black Hills. The Lakota saw no reason they should abide by a treaty if this was the case. So, many left the reservation that spring to hunt near the Bighorn Mountains in southeastern Montana. The government responded by sending an expedition commanded by General Alfred Terry and Lieutenant Colonel George A. Custer and the Seventh Cavalry. Custer underestimated the fighting capabilities of the Lakota and Cheyenne. On June 25, ignoring orders, and attacking, which became known as Custer's Last Stand because all but one were killed. Newspapers reported Custer to be a victim, which led to public outcry in the east **What happened in the Battle of the Little Bighorn?**

20. Farther west, the Nez Perce people, led by Chief Joseph, refused to be moved to a smaller reservation in Idaho in 1877. When the army came to relocate them, they fled their homes and embarked on a journey of more than 1,300 miles. Finally, in October 1877 Chief Joseph surrendered, and he and his followers were exiled to Oklahoma. His speech summarized the hopelessness of their cause: "Our chiefs are killed...The little children are freezing to death. My people...have no blankets, no food...Hear me, my chiefs, I am tired; my heart is sick and sad. From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever." **Why is Chief Joseph a hero to his people?**

21. Native American resistance came to a final and tragic end on the Lakota Sioux reservation in 1890. Defying the orders of the government, the Lakota continued to perform the Ghost Dance, a ritual that celebrated a hoped-for day of reckoning when settlers would disappear, the buffalo would return, and Native Americans would reunite with their dead ancestors. Federal authorities had banned the ceremony fearing it would lead to violence. They blamed the latest defiance on Chief Sitting Bull, who had returned from Canada, and sent police to arrest the chief, which Sitting Bull's supporters tried to stop. In the exchange of gunfire, the chief was killed. A group of Ghost Dancers fled the reservation and the army went after them. Gunfire ended with the Natives being defeated. This became known as the Massacre at Wounded Knee. It would end the Indian Wars. **What happened at Wounded Knee?**

22. Some Americans had long opposed the treatment of Native Americans. Some Americans believed the solution was to encourage Native Americans to assimilate, or be absorbed, into American society. In 1887, Congress passed the Dawes Act, which divided reservations into individual allotments, where families could become self-supporting and allotted to each head of household 160 acres of reservation land for farming. The plan failed to achieve goals and proved to be a failure. In 1924, Native Americans were granted citizenship. In 1934, the Dawes Act was revered and tribes got full control over tribal reservations and permitted them to elect tribal governments. **What was the Dawes Act?**

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