US_Ch1_homework-1

=**U.S. History Chapter 1 Homework #1**= Answer the following on notebook paper

1. Slavery began to divide America once territories in the Louisiana Purchase grew large enough to become states. Tensions rose in 1819 over the possibility of Missouri becoming a state. The divisive issue was whether slavery should expand westward into new territories or not. In 1819, there were 11 free states and 11 slave states. The North did have more representatives in the House. Northerners grew more opposed to the expansion of slavery (free soil movement) while the South that it could expand because if it didn't, there would eventually be more free states than slave states and could abolish slavery. Missouri requested statehood in 1819. A year later, Maine (which was part of Massachusetts) requested statehood. The Senate decided to combine the two requests. The Missouri Compromise was steered by Henry Clay. Missouri became a slave state and Maine became a free state. Another part of the compromise was an agreement was that a line was drawn at 36 degrees-30 minutes north latitude across the Louisiana Purchase and slavery would be prohibited north of the line and slavery could exist south of the line. This compromise merely postponed a much larger debate over slavery. **What was the Missouri Compromise? (A) Missouri became a slave state (B) Maine became a free state (C) line drawn at 36 degrees 30 minutes North latitude across the Louisiana Purchase (D) north of the line would be free and south of the line slave (E) all (F) none**

2. The late 1820s also saw another issue causing animosity in the South. President Andrew Jackson had not been in office long before he had to focus on a national crisis. It centered on South Carolina, but it also highlighted the growing rift between the nation's Northern and Southern regions. In the early 1800s, South Carolina's economy began to decline. Many of the state's residents blamed this situation on the nation's tariffs - the taxes the U.S. charged other countries to bring their goods into America. Because it had few industries, South Carolina purchased many manufactured goods from England, but tariffs made them extremely expensive. When Congress levied yet another new tariff in 1828 - which critics called the Tariff of Abominations - many South Carolinians threatened to secede, or withdraw, from the Union. The growing turmoil particularly troubled Vice President John C. Calhoun who was from South Carolina. Calhoun felt torn between upholding the country's policies and helping his fellow Carolinians. Rather than support secession, Calhoun put forth the idea of nullifications. He argued that because the states had created the federal union, they had the right to declare a federal law null, or not valid. The nullification issue intensified when Robert Hayne (South Carolina) and Daniel Webster (Massachusetts) confronted each other on the Senate floor. A war of words intensified in 1832 when another tariff was passed. South Carolina voted to nullify it. President Jackson considered it an act of treason and sent a warship to Charleston. As tensions rose, Henry Clay was able to defuse the crisis by getting Congress to lower the tariffs gradually until 1842. South Carolina repealed its nullification of the tariff law. **A tariff on imports upset South Carolina saying it hurt their economy. They led the way pushing to have states' rights to declare a law unconstitutional. What was this called? (A) Secession (B) Sectionalism (C) Nullification (D) Abominationism (E) all (F) none**

3. **Based on the reading above, do you agree with President Jackson's opinion on nullification or do you think states should have they right? Why?**

4. **Opinion: How would this be a small version of what was to come with the South arguing for slavery?**

5. Many church leaders sensed that the growth of scientific challenges to creation and faith were impacting the churches in a negative way. Therefore, religious leaders in the early 1800s organized to revive American's commitment to religion, which resulted in a movement called the Second Great Awakening. It was mostly led by Protestant denominations, mostly Methodists, Baptists, and Presbyterians. Associations known as benevolent societies sprang up everywhere. At first, they focused on spreading the word of God to nonbelievers, but soon sought to combat social problems. One such issue dealt with alcohol. Advocates of temperance, or moderation in the consumption of alcohol, had been active since the late 1700s and the new reformers energized the campaign. In 1833, the American Temperance Union formed, which strengthened the movement. In 1851, Maine banned alcohol and a dozen others did the same by 1855. Other states allowed local towns to do so if they wished. Other reformers focused on education and set up schools to teach the basics of reading, writing, and arithmetic. Another social issue taken up was women's rights. In 1848, activists Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the Seneca Falls Convention in New York, which produced the Declaration of Sentiments and Resolutions, better known as the Seneca Falls Declaration. Stanton particularly pushed for the right to vote in the whole nation. The abolitionist movement, or push to end slavery in the U.S. was another reform effort. **The Second Great Awakening went after all of the following issues except (A) moderation or ending use of alcohol (B) rights of women (C) ending slavery (D) war with Mexico (E) all (F) none**

6. Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton grew to become two of the most famous in the early women's rights movement. In the Seneca Falls Declaration: __Declaration of Sentiments__ "...We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men and women are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable rights... The history of mankind is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations on the part of man toward women, having in direct object the establishment of an absolute tyranny over her... __Resolutions__ //Resolved//, that all laws, which prevent women from occupying such a station in society as her conscience shall dictate, or which place her in a position inferior to that of man, are contrary to the great precept of nature, and therefore of no force or authority. //Resolved//, that woman is man's equal - was intended to be so by the Creator, and the highest good of the race demands that she should be recognized as such. //Resolved//, that it is the duty of women of this country to secure to themselves their sacred right to the elective franchise. //Resolved//, therefore, that being invested by the Creator with the same capabilities, and the same consciousness of responsibility for their exercise, it is demonstrably the right and duty of woman, equally with man, to promote every righteous cause by every righteous means...both in private and in public, by writing and by speaking, by any instrumentalities proper to be sued, and in any assemblies proper to be held.
 * Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were involved in which women's rights document? (A) Declaration of Women's Independence (B) Women's Right to Vote Bill (C) Women's Liberator (D) Seneca Falls Declaration (E) all (F) none**

7. In terms of slavery, the Second Great Awakening was a movement that pushed abolition, but there had been even very early opposition to slavery. Many of the country's founders knew that the nation would have difficulty remaining true to its ideals of liberty and equality if it continued to enslave human beings. Quakers and Baptists in both the North and South argued that slavery was a sin. After the Revolution, Baptists in Virginia called for "every legal measure to wipe out this horrid evil from the land." Early antislavery societies favored a gradual end to slavery by first stopping slave traders and then end slavery in phases. Some favored recolonizing the slaves in Africa particularly in Liberia. President James Monroe and Supreme Court Chief Justice John Marshall were two. The antislavery movement gained new momentum in the Second Great Awakening thanks largely to William Lloyd Garrison's abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator. He called for immediate emancipation. or freeing, of the slaves. He went on to found the New England Antislavery Society in 1832 and the American Antislavery Society in 1833. Many women, including Lucretia Mott, support the abolition movement. Free blacks also took a prominent role as abolitionists. Frederick Douglass was one who escaped slavery and published his own abolitionist newspaper, The North Star. Another was Sojourner Truth (real name was Isabella Baumfree) who gave religious and passionate antislavery speeches. Not all in the North favored abolition as many didn't want to see war or destruction of the social order. Most in the South saw slavery as vital to their economy and society. **How did William Lloyd Garrison start the abolitionist movement in the U.S. in the 1830s?**

8. **Which religious groups said slavery was a sin? (A) Methodists and Lutherans (B) Catholics and Protestants (C) Quakers and Baptists (D) Jews and Muslims (E) all (F) none**

9. The opportunity to far fertile soil, enter the fur trade, or trade with foreign nations across the Pacific lured farmers, adventurers, and merchants alike. Most emigrants, like the majority of Americans believed in Manifest Destiny. Manifest Destiny was the idea that the nation was meant to spread to the Pacific. Latecomers to the Midwest set their sights on California and Oregon, although other nations had already claimed parts of these lands. The United States and Great Britain had agreed in 1818 to occupy the Oregon land jointly. The British dominated the region until about 1840, when the enthusiastic reports of American missionaries began to attract large numbers of settlers. California was a frontier province of Mexico. Because few Mexicans wanted to live in California, the local government welcomed foreign settlers. By 1845 more than 700 Americans lived in California. Although the Mexican government relied on these American settlers, it was suspicious about their national loyalties. By the 1840s, several east-to-west routes had been carved including the Oregon Trail, the California Trail, and the Santa Fe Trail. As the overland traffic increased, the Plains Indians came to resent the threat it posed to their way of life. They feared that the buffalo herds, on which they relied for food, shelter, clothing, and tools would die off or migrate elsewhere. In 1851, the federal government negotiated the Treaty of Fort Laramie to ensure peace. White settlers still streamed across the plains, which provoked Native American hostility. **The term //Manifest Destiny// was first used to support (A) independence from Britain (B) westward expansion to the Pacific Ocean (C) efforts to stop Southern secession (D) law restricting labor unions forming in the west (E) all (F) none**

10. In the mid-1830s, Texas had won its independence from Mexico. When Texas became a U.S. state in the 1840s, Mexico became upset. Relations worsened when the U.S. and Mexico disputed Texas's southern border. In addition, President Polk's designs on California added to the conflict. In November 1845, Polk sent John Slidell as an envoy to Mexico City to try to purchase California and resolve other differences. Mexico's president refused to meet with Slidell. With not realistic chance of a diplomatic solution, in January 1846 Polk ordered General Zachary Taylor to lead troops across the Nueces River into territory claimed by both Mexico and the U.S. He wanted Mexican troops to fire the first shot, because then he could more easily win support for a war. On May 9, news arrived that a Mexican force attacked Taylor. Four days later, Congress overwhelmingly declared war. The U.S. was able to defeat Mexico and on February 2, 1848 the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was signed. Mexico gave the U.S. more than 500,000 square miles of territory - what are now the states of California, Nevada, and Utah, as well as Arizona and New Mexico, and parts of Wyoming and Colorado - in what was called the Mexican Cession. Mexico accepted the Rio Grande as the border with Texas. The U.S. paid Mexico $15 million. The dream of Manifest Destiny was being realized. Of course, more territory would reopen old arguments - like when Missouri wanted to become a state. **How did the Mexican War start?**

11. **How did the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo help contribute to the future slavery conflict and Civil War?**

12. War with Mexico would have impacts. In mid-1846, Pennsylvania representative David Wilmot proposed that in any territory the U.S. had gained from Mexico, "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude shall ever exist." Wilmot's proposal, which would be called the Wilmot Proviso, outraged Southerners. They believed that any antislavery policy about territories endangered slavery everywhere. Despite fierce Southern opposition, a coalition of Northern Democrats and Whigs passed the Wilmot Proviso in the House of Representatives. The Senate, however, refused to vote on it. During the debate, John C. Calhoun, now a senator from South Carolina, argued that Americans settling in the territories had the right to bring along their property, including enslaved laborers, and that Congress had no power to ban slavery in the territories. Senator Lewis Cass of Michigan suggested that the citizens of each new territory should be allowed to decide for themselves if they wanted to permit slavery. this idea, which came to be called popular sovereignty, appealed strongly to many members of Congress because it removed the slavery issue from national politics. It also appeared democratic, since the settlers themselves would make the decision. Abolitionists, however, argued that it still denied African Americans their right to be free. In 1848, Whig candidate Zachary Taylor and Democrat candidate Lewis Cass sidestepped the slavery debate. The new Free Soil Party formed with a position to stop the spread of slavery and went with former president Martin Van Buren. Taylor won. as Free Soilers pulled votes from Democrats. Senator John C. Calhoun was one of the major proponents of slavery. How did he stand on the Wilmot Proviso? (A) he voted against it (B) he said Congress had no power to ban slavery in territories (C) he called for leaving the Union (D) he liked it (E) all (F) none

13. **What is an argument in favor of popular sovereignty? What would be an argument against popular sovereignty?**

14. Within a year of President Taylor's inauguration, the issue of slavery took center stage. A year earlier, in January 1848, a carpenter named James Marshall found traces of gold in a stream near a sawmill in California. The sawmill was owned by John Sutter. Word of the find got back to the east and Americans began going west to California to strike it rich. The 1849 Gold Rush began. As California's population rapidly grew, California applied for statehood. At the time, there were 15 free states and 15 slave states. If California became a state, it would be a free state, which would tip the balance and make slave states the minority. A few Southern politicians even began talking about secession, or leaving the Union. By 1850, Henry Clay again tried to develop a compromise. He proposed admitting California as a free state and have the rest of the Mexican Cession be subject to popular sovereignty. There were other parts as well. President Taylor opposed the compromise and only wanted California as a free state. After he mysteriously died, Millard Fillmore became president and signed the Compromise of 1850 into law. **Why did California apply for statehood? (A) They didn't want to be part of Mexico (B) To cause a slavery debate (C) To build a transcontinental railroad (D) Discovery of gold led to mass migration to California (E) all (F) none**

15. **Who developed the Compromise of 1850? (A) Henry Clay (B) John C. Calhoun (C) Zachary Taylor (D) Millard Fillmore (E) all (F) none**

16. With President Taylor planning to veto the compromise except for the admission of California as a free state, it was appearing that the South would be on the losing end. However, Taylor mysteriously died and Millard Fillmore became the new president and signed each part into law. As part of the Compromise of 1850, Henry Clay had convinced Congress to pass the Fugitive Slave Act as a benefit to slaveholders. However, the law actually hurt the southern cause by creating active hostility toward slavery among many Northerners. Under this law, a slaveholder or slave catcher had only to point out alleged runaways to have them taken into custody. The accused would then by brought before a federal commissioner. With no right to testify on their own behalf, even those who had earned their freedom years earlier had no way to prove their case. Federal commissioners had an incentive to rule in favor of the slave owner since a ruling in favor of the slave owner paid $10, while judgments for the African American paid $5. Of course there would be defiance to the law in the North, mostly with the Underground Railroad, which was an informal network of escape routes. **Which part of the compromise caused the most controversy? (A) Admission of California (B) paying Texas's debt (C) popular sovereignty (D) Fugitive Slave Act (E) all (F) none**

17. **How would the Fugitive Slave Act increase the power of the government?**

18. Read the following on Harriet Tubman. Known as the "Moses of her people" for her courage in leading enslaved people to freedom as Moses had led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt, Harriet Tubman was a heroine of the antislavery movement. Tubman was born into slavery in Maryland and struggled early against the system's brutality. At age 13, she tried to save another enslaved person from punishment, and an overseer fractured her skull. Miraculously, she recovered, but she suffered from occasional blackouts for the rest of her life. Tubman escaped to freedom in 1849. About crossing into Pennsylvania, she later wrote, "I looked at my hands to see if I was the same person. There was such a glory over everything. The sun came up like gold through the trees, and I felt like I was in Heaven." Her joy inspired others. After Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Act, Tubman returned to the South 19 times to guide enslaved people along the Underground Railroad to freedom. Tubman became notorious in the eyes of slaveholders, but despite a large reward offered for her capture, no one ever betrayed her whereabouts. Furthermore, in all her rescues, she never lost a "passenger." Tubman's bravery and determination made her one of the most important figures in the antislavery movement. **What do you think Tubman meant when she said "I looked at my hands to see if I was the same person?**

19. Read the following on Harriet Beecher Stowe. Daughter of reformer-minister Lyman Beecher, Harriet Beecher Stowe was born into a family of high achievers. Unlike many young women of the time, Stowe received a good education, including teacher training in Hartford, Connecticut. In 1832, Stowe moved to Cincinnati, Ohio. There, Stowe began writing and teaching. She spent 18 years in Ohio - right across the river from the slave state of Kentucky. During this period, she met fugitive slaves, employed a former enslaved woman, and learned about slavery from Southern friends. In 1850, Stowe moved with her husband to Maine. There, in reaction to the Fugitive Slave Law, she began writing //Uncle Tom's Cabin//, based on what she had learned while in Ohio and antislavery materials she had read. The novel, which humanized the plight of the enslaved, was an instant sensation and further hardened the positions of both abolitionists and slaveholders. When President Lincoln met Stowe, so the story goes, he exclaimed, "So you're the little woman who wrote the book that started this Great War!" Stowe went on to write many more novels, stories, and articles but is today best known for the novel that so fanned the sectional flames over slavery that it contributed to the start of the Civil War. **What was the effect of //Uncle Tom's Cabin// on the slavery debate in the nation?**

20. The opening of the Oregon country and the admission of California to the Union brought further problems as the nation expanded. Many people became convinced of the need for a transcontinental railroad to promote the growth in the territories along the route. The choice of the railroad's eastern starting point was contentious. Many Southerners favored the southern route, from New Orleans to San Diego. Since part of that route would lead through northern Mexico, the U.S> purchased the necessary land for $10 million. Democratic Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois wanted the eastern starting point to be in Chicago. Any northern route would run through unsettled territory. The South made it clear that before Nebraska could be organized, Congress had to repeal part of the Missouri Compromise and allow slavery in the new territory. At first, Douglas tried to gain Southern support for his bill by saying that any states organized in the new Nebraska territory would be allowed to exercise popular sovereignty with regard to slavery. When this failed, Douglas agreed to repeal the antislavery provision of the Missouri Compromise and to divide the region into two territories. Nebraska would appear to be free and Kansas slave. Warned that without such a concession the South might secede, President Pierce eventually gave his support for this Kansas-Nebraska Act and despite opposition, it passed through Congress. Hordes of Northerners hurried into Kansas to create an antislavery majority. Before the March elections of 1855, however, thousands of armed Missourians - called "Border Ruffians" in the press - crossed the border to vote illegally; helping to elect a pro-slavery legislature. Furious antislavery settlers countered by drafting their own constitution that prohibited slavery. By March 1856, Kansas had two governments, one opposed to slavery and the other supporting it. As more Northern settlers arrived, border ruffians began attacks. "Bleeding Kansas," as newspapers dubbed the territory; had become the scene of a territorial civil war. **What was Stephen Douglas's intentions with the Kansas-Nebraska Act? (A) go to war (B) debate slavery (C) build a transcontinental railroad (D) secede (E) all (F) none**

21. **How did Kansas become a territory of civil war within itself? (A) pro-slave forces battled anti-slave majority over control of Kansas (B) Kansas seceded from the Union (C) they opposed the Compromise of 1850 (D) they joined the South (E) all (F) none**

22. In the 1856 presidential campaign, Republican (new party that formed to end slavery) John C. Fremont ran against Democrat James Buchanan and American Party (party against immigration) Millard Fillmore, the former president. Buchanan didn't take a stand one way or the other on the Kansas-Nebraska Act, but campaigned that only he could hold the nation together. He won the election. Just two days after Buchanan's inauguration, the Supreme Court ruled in a landmark case involving slavery, //Dred Scott v. Sanford//. Dred Scott was a Missouri slave who had been taken north to work in free territory for several years. After he returned with his slaveholder to Missouri, Scott sued to end his slavery, arguing that living in free territory had made him a free man. His case went all the way to the Supreme Court. On March 6, 1857, Chief Justice Roger Taney delivered the majority opinion. Taney ruled against Scott because, he claimed, African Americans were not citizens and therefore could not sue in the courts. Taney then addressed the Missouri Compromise's ban on slavery in territory north of Missouri's southern border saying that the law was unconstitutional. While Democrats cheered the Dred Scott decision, Republicans called it a "willful perversion" of the Constitution. They argued that if Dred Scott could not legally bring suit, then the Supreme Court should have dismissed the case without considering the constitutionality of the Missouri Compromise. "Bleeding Kansas" intensified as controversy grew over Kansas and statehood. Kansas wasn't admitted as a state until 1861 - a free state. In Kansas, a fervent abolitionist named John Brown led a raid on pro-slavery settlers at Pottawatomie Creek. Then, in 1859, John Brown tried to begin a slave uprising when he took over a federal arsenal in Harper's Ferry, Virginia. U.S. Marines led by Colonel Robert E. Lee forced Brown's group to surrender. Brown was executed. Many Northerners saw Brown as a martyr in a noble cause. **In the Dred Scott decision, the Supreme Court ruled that it was unconstitutional to (A) allow slavery in the territories (B) prohibit slavery in the territories (C) free slaves in the U.S. (D) bring enslaved people from one state to another (E) all (F) none**

23. **A martyr is one who dies for a worthy cause. How did John Brown become a martyr?**

24. "The men and women slaves received, as their monthly allowance of food, eight pounds of pork, or its equivalent in fish, and one bushel of corn meal. Their yearly clothing consisted of two coarse linen shirts, one pair of linen trousers, like the shirts, one jacket, one pair of trousers for winter, made of coarse negro cloth, one pair of stockings, and one pair of shoes; the whole of which could not have cost more than seven dollars. The allowance of the slave children was given to their mothers, or the old women having the care of them. The children unable to work in the field had neither shoes, stockings, jackets, nor trousers, given tot hem; their clothing consisted of two coarse linen shirts per year. When these failed them, they went naked until the next allowance-day. Children from seven to ten years old, of both sexes, almost naked, might be seen at all seasons of the year. There were no beds given the slaves, unless one coarse blanket be considered such, and none but the men and women had these. This, however, is not considered a very great privation. They find less difficulty from the want of beds, than from the want of time to sleep; for when their day's work in the field is done, the most of them having their washing, mending, and cooking to do, and having few or none of the ordinary facilities for doing either of these very many of their sleeping hours are consumed in preparing for the field the coming day; and when this is done, old and young, male and female, married and single, drop down side by side, on one common bed, - the cold, damp floor, - each covering himself or herself with their miserable blankets; and here they sleep till they are summoned to the field by the driver's horn. -- from //Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American slave//. **What does this passage reveal about the daily lives of slaves?**

25. Use the paintings to answer the following:
 * Write a paragraph explaining what you see going on in this picture.**

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