US_Ch8_Homework-1

=**U.S. History Chapter 8 Homework #1**= Answer the following on notebook paper.

1. Franklin D. Roosevelt's First Inaugural Address: "//This is preeminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly. Nor need we shrink from honestly facing conditions in our country today. This great Nation will endure as it has endured, will revive and will prosper. So, first of all, let me assert my firm belief that the only thing we have to fear is fear itself - nameless, unreasoning, unjustified terror which paralyzes needed efforts to convert retreat into advance.// //...Restoration calls, however, not for changes in ethics alone. This Nation asks for action, and action now.// //...Our greatest primary task is to put people to work. This is no unsolvable problem if we face it wisely and courageously. It can be accomplished in part by direct recruiting by the Government itself, treating the task as we would treat the emergency of a war.// //...Action in this image and to this end is feasible under the form of government which we have inherited from our ancestors. Our Constitution is so simple and practical that it is possible always to meet extraordinary needs by changes in emphasis and arrangement without loss of essential form.// //We do not distrust the future of essential democracy. The people of the United States have not failed. In their need they have registered a mandate that they want direct, vigorous action."//
 * In his First Inaugural Address, FDR says that the depression "is no unsolvable problem" and it will be accomplished by (A) people working hard to rebuild the economy (B) charities and help each other out (C) lowering taxes and spending (D) the government (E) all (F) none**

2. FDR's policies to end the depression became known as the New Deal. He and his advisors, often called the "brain trust," came into off with new ideas. He often addressed the nation on the radio in his fireside chats to explain his policies. Immediately upon taking office, he closed the banks for a banking holiday and would only allow sound banks to reopen in order to restore confidence with the American people in terms of the banks. FDR campaigned on trying something. When he took office, he began to send Congress bill after bill. Between March 9 and June 16, 1933 - which came to be called the Hundred Days - Congress passed 15 major acts to resolve the economic Crisis setting a pace for new legislation that has never been equaled. Together, these programs made up what would later be called the First New Deal. **What was the flurry of legislation with 15 New Deal policies being passed? (A) banking holiday (B) hundred days (C) fireside chats (D) Brain Trust (E) all (F) none**

3. Although banking confidence was restored, many advisers urged Roosevelt to go further. they pushed for new regulations for both banks and the stock market. FDR agreed with their ideas and supported the Securities Act of 1933 and the Glass-Steagall Banking Act. The Securities Act required companies that sold stocks and bonds to provide complete and truthful information to investors. The following year, Congress created a government agency, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), to regulate the stock market and prevent fraud. The Glass-Steagall Act separated commercial banking from investment banking. Commercial banks handle everyday transactions. they take deposits, pay interest, cash checks, and lend money for mortgages. These banks were no longer allowed to risk depositors' money by using it to speculate on the stock market. Also, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) was set up to provide government insurance for bank depositors. **Which New Deal policy was set up to restore confidence in banks by providing insurance? (A) banking holiday (B) CCC (C) FDIC (D) SEC (E) all (F) none**

4. The first Hundred Days: March 9 - Roosevelt signs the Emergency Banking Relief Act and three days later delivers his first fireside chat. March 31 - The CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) is created and soon afterward begins hiring 3 million young men to work in the nation's forests. May 12 - The AAA (Agricultural Adjustment Act) is signed and soon farmers begin receiving payments to destroy their crops in an effort to push up prices for the farmers to collect more with less crops in the marketplace (this would later be ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court). In a nation in depression, raising crop prices would've hurt most Americans who were already struggling to put food on the table. May 12 - The FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration) begins making grants to states to help the unemployed. May 18 - Congress creates the TVA (Tennessee Valley Authority), which provides electricity to a region covering seven states in the South. June 13 - HOLC (Home Owners' Loan Corporation) is set up and authorized to make low interest mortgage loans to homeowners. June 16 - The PWA (Public Works Administration) was created. Under the leadership of Harold Ickes, it begins spending over $3 billion on public works such as new highways, dams, and public buildings. June 16 - The National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA) passed and set up the National Recovery Administration was was authorized to begin setting codes and regulations for industry. The board would set up codes that businesses would agree to and such business would put a blue eagle symbol in their window and the public would be urged to use those stores. One code was a minimum wage, but that also increased prices to balance the higher wages. Also, businesses could choose not to sign code agreements and therefore not be bound by the government's rules. Industrial production fell once the board was created and it became unpopular with the public. It would later be ruled unconstitutional.
 * Which was built by the public works program PWA (Public Works Administration) including the Grand Coulee Dam in the state of Washington? (A) Grand Coulee Dam (B) PA Turnpike (C) San Francisco Bay Bridge (D) World Trade Center (E) all (F) none**

5. **What wrong with the AAA?**

6. **How was the NIRA suppose to work and why did it ultimately fail?**

7. Various public works programs were set up by the government using tax dollars to put people to work. The CCC (Civilian Conservation Corps) employed young men to work in the forests. FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration), which channeled money to state and local governments for relief programs. The PWA (Public Works Administration) targeted those unemployed in the construction industry and used money to build bridges, roads, dams, sewer systems, schools, and other government facilities. The CWA (Civil Works Administration) spent nearly a billion dollars on building or improving airports, roads, school buildings, and playgrounds and parks. These public works programs were good in the sense that they put people to work, but since they were funded by the government they couldn't be permanent jobs unless the government was able to continue it's massive spending of much more money than they brought in. It also increased government-reliance. Remember, Progressives believe the government is the solution to all problems. This idea was opposite of Harding, Coolidge, and Mellon, which is why the Great Depression lasted until WWII. **Public works programs (CCC, FERA, PWA, CWA) put people to work by (A) supply and demand (B) laissez-faire (C) Coolidge's successful ideas (D) tax dollars (E) all (F) none**

8. Opposition to the New Deal came from both ideological wings. Some felt the New Deal created to big of a government with too much control over the people and too much spending, while others felt the New Deal didn't go far enough. Father Charles Couglin was a Catholic priest who used the radio reaching 30 to 45 million listeners became impatient with the New Deal. He called for nationalizing the banks and inflating the currency. Dr. Francis Townsend suggested a plan to pay everyone a pension of $200 a month starting at age 60 and require this check to be spent each month. Coughlin and Townsend both appeared to be challengers to FDR within his own party going into 1936, but the biggest challenge was Huey Long from Louisiana, called the "Kingfish," who suggested the Share the Wealth Program, which was a socialistic idea of taking money from the wealthy and giving it to the poor. His attacks on those who earned wealth through hard work became popular in the depression since the economy was down. He announced he would challenge for the presidency in 1936. This never happened though because he was assassinated. **Who called for redistribution of wealth? (A) Huey Long (B) Charles Coughlin (C) Francis Townsend (D) FDR (E) all (F) none**

9. **Who had the biggest audience since he used the radio? (A) Huey Long (B) Charles Coughlin (C) Francis Townsend (D) FDR (E) all (F) none**

10. Was the New Deal socialistic? FDR took extraordinary measures to stimulate the economy with his New Deal programs. Many Americans were divided on the issue of increased government intervention in the economy. Some claimed the New Deal was socialistic and a violation of American values. Others thought the New Deal did not do enough. Read the opposing points on the question was the New Deal socialistic? YES - Alfred Smith, former Democratic candidate: "//Now what would I have my party do? I would have them re-declare the principles that they put forth in the 1932 platform [reduce the size of government; balance the federal budget]...Just get the platform of the Democrat Party and the platform of the Socialist Party...make your mind up to pick up the platform that more nearly squares with the record, and you will have your hand on the Socialist platform...It is all right with me if they want to disguise themselves as Karl Marx or Lenin, or any of the rest of the bunch, but I won't stand for their allowing to march under the banner of (Andrew) Jackson or (Grover) Cleveland//." No - Norman Thomas, Socialist Party candidate: "//All of these leaders or would be leaders out of our wilderness, however they may abuse one another, however loosely they may fling the charge of socialism or communism - still accept the basic institutions and loyalties of the present system. A true Socialist is resolved to change that system...The New Deal did not say, as socialism would have said, "Here are so many millions of American people who need to be fed and well clothed. How much food and cotton do we require? We should require more, not less. What Mr. Roosevelt said was "How much food and cotton can be produced for which the exploited masses must pay a higher price?"//
 * What do you think? Explain.**

11. In May 1935, in //Schechter Poultry Company v. United States//, the Supreme Court unanimously struck down the authority of the National Recovery Administration. The Schechter brothers had been convicted for violating the NRA's poultry code. The court ruled that the Constitution did not allow the Congress to delegate its legislative powers to the executive branch. Thus, it declared the NRA's codes to be unconstitutional. **Why was the National Recovery Administration ruled unconstitutional in //Schechter Poultry Company v. United States//?**

12. In 1935, Congress passed the National Labor Relations Act, also called the Wagner Act after the author Senator Robert Wagner. It guaranteed workers the right to form a union and use collective bargaining. The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) was set up the regulate businesses in terms of labor unions. It set up factory elections to determine whether or not workers wanted to be in a union. It also set up binding arbitration in which dissatisfied union workers could take their complaints to a neutral party. **What was set up by the Wagner Act? (A) National Labor Relations Board (B) Social Security (C) labor unions (D) redistribution of wealth (E) all (F) none**

13. Union organizers used new tactics such as the sit-down strike, in which employees stopped work inside the factory and refused to leave. This technique prevented management from sending in replacement workers. It became a common tactic of the CIO, the new union formed by John L. Lewis called the Commonwealth of Industrial Organization. The United Auto Workers used this tactic in 1936 against General Motors in Flint, Michigan. The strike turned violent, however. **Which new union formed from a CIO tactic sit-down strike, which turned violent? (A) AFL (B) United Auto Workers (C) General Motors union (D) no new union formed (E) all (F) none**

14. **Social Security began with the Second New Deal. Who got money with Social Security? (A) unions (B) workers (C) poor people (D) elderly (E) all (F) none**

15. FDR became furious when the Supreme Court struck down several New Deal acts as unconstitutional. After winning re-election in 1936, he tried to change the balance of the court. He sent a bill to Congress to increase the number of Supreme Court justices - if a justice had over 10 years of service and didn't retired by age 70, the president would be able to appoint an additional justice to the Supreme Court. If it passed, FDR would quickly be able to appoint six new justices. Obviously, he would appoint six judges who agreed with his massive expansion of the government regardless of what the Constitution says. This was dubbed the court-packing plan by the media. This idea split FDR's own Democrat party as Southern Democrats feared new justices would strike down segregation laws in the South. This would also increase the power of the presidency over the Supreme Court, which was mean to be an equal branch of government. This bill did not pass. **The court-packing plan was when the Supreme Court was finding New Deal policies unconstitutional, so FDR tried to (A) fire judges (B) add six sympathetic judges (C) bribe the judges (D) ignore the judges (E) all (F) none**

16. //Schechter Poultry Company v. United States 1935//: This case was nicknamed the "sick chicken case." It got to the Supreme Court because the federal government was regulating the chicken processing industry. One provision of the regulations said that when companies bought chickens, they couldn't separate healthy and sick chickens - they had to buy the whole lot. The Schechter Company was prosecuted for violating this rule. It went through the federal court system. The FDR Administration said there were two parts in the National Industrial Recovery Act that justified the law through Congress's power to regulate interstate commerce - the code that governed the processing of chickens and the minimum wage and hour regulation for employees of the company. The case question was does the Commerce Clause give Congress the power to regulate chicken processing and set a minimum wage for companies? The Supreme Court ruled that the federal law was unconstitutional basically saying that if the federal government were allowed this power, then the federal government would have almost unlimited power. This was the correct interpretation of the Commerce Clause - that the federal government doesn't have unlimited power, that Congress can't create a centralized government, and there is to be no conflict with state power. So, what went wrong? The Supreme Court got it right by defining interstate commerce as the start of shipping to the end of shipping. The problem came when the Supreme Court said Congress can regulate those things that DIRECTLY IMPACT interstate commerce. The outcome of the Schechter Case was that laws that were previously unconstitutional could now be interpreted as constitutional since Congress could now regulate things that directly affect or impact interstate commerce. Congress's power, from this Supreme Court decision, was no longer tied to regulating ONLY interstate commerce. If an action directly impacted interstate commerce, now Congress could regulate that action. Congress would, therefore, start to use the Commerce Clause using the new direct affects test controlling things that were meant to be state jurisdiction. **How did the Supreme Court ruling in the Schechter case lead to a massive increase in the power of the federal government versus the original intent of the power that increased?**

17. Worldwide depression led to unrest in the world and the rise of Totalitarian dictators in Europe and Asia. Totalitarian dictators are those who control all aspects of life. One of Europe's first dictatorships arose in Italy. In 1919 Benito Mussolini founded Italy's Fascist Party. Fascism was an aggressive nationalistic movement that considered the nation more important than the individual. Fascists believed that order in society would come only through a dictator who led a strong government. They also thought nations became great by building an empire. Mussolini would take over in a revolution in 1922 and worked quickly to set up a Fascist Totalitarian dictatorship. Communism had already been established Russia (now the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, or Soviet Union) by the time WWI ended. After Lenin died in 1924, Joseph Stalin won a power struggle with Leon Trotsky. He became the communist dictator and looked to increase his power and control. He conducted purges in which he eliminated any opposition. Family farms were combined into collectives, or government-owned farms. This kept control over the people. Germany was a republic like the U.S. after WWI, but depression and the harsh treaty crippled Germany and led to the rise of a Totalitarian dictator. Adolph Hitler and the Nazis took control by promising improvements and winning elections, but once in power, set up a harsh, cruel dictatorship. **Who was the Totalitarian dictator in Fascist Italy? ...Nazi Germany? ...Communist Russia?**

18. Hitler began to remilitarize Germany against the Treaty of Versailles and even expanded his border by bringing in Austria. He then set his sights on the Sudetenland, which was part of Czechoslovakia with a large German-speaking population. The Czechs strongly resisted Hitler's demands. France threatened to fight if Germany attacked Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union promised aid. British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain also promised support. Representatives from Britain, France, Italy, and Germany agreed to meet in Munich to decide Czechoslovakia's fate. At the Munich Conference, Britain and France agreed to Hitler's demands, a policy that came to be known as appeasement. In other words, they made concessions in exchange for peace. Supporters of appeasement believed that Hitler had a few limited demands. They felt that if they gave him what he wanted, they could avoid war. Czechoslovakia was told to give up the Sudetenland or fight Germany on its own. When Chamberlain returned to Britain, he promised "peace in our time." This peace was short lived as in a few months, Hitler sent troops into Czechoslovakia and was occupying the whole nation. **How was appeasement at the Munich Conference a failure?**

19. When Germany invaded Poland on September 1, 1939 to begin WWII, Hitler's army was showing it's new Blitzkrieg tactics, or "lightning war." Blitzkrieg combined several technologies - aircraft, tanks, parachutes, and radios - to produce a highly mobile, fast-moving army that could coordinate multiple attacks, break through lines and rapidly encircle enemy positions. German tanks, called Panzers, rolled into invaded territory and often had to wait for the infantry to catch up. A superior air force led to Germany taking western Europe by 1940. The aircraft could drop paratroopers behind enemy lines as well as bomb targets. **How was the newer and improved technology seen in the German blitzkrieg?**

20. Having secured control of Western Europe, Hitler looked to take Britain, which was the only major power standing in his way in Europe. Hitler expected Britain to negotiate once France surrendered, but Winston Churchill became the new Prime Minister replacing Chamberlain and gave a defiant speech in Parliament, vowing Britain would never surrender. In June 1940, the German air force, called the Luftwaffe, began to bomb the British coastline to prepare for the German invasion. This began the Battle of Britain. The Germans even bombed civilian areas, which outraged the British. The British Royal Air Force was outnumbered, but made use of new technology called radar, which detected incoming German planes. The Germans were unable to gain control of the skies and Hitler had to call off his invasion of Britain. Churchill said " Never in the field of human conflict was so much owed by so many to so few." **How was Britain able to resist the Nazis?**

21. The U.S. officially remained neutral, but was edging closer and closer to war with Germany by helping out the British. The Neutrality Act of 1939 allowed warring nations to buy weapons from the U.S. if they paid in cash and transported arms on their own ships (Cash and Carry Policy). The Destroyers for Bases Deal gave Britain old American destroyers in exchange for the right to build U.S. defense bases in British-controlled Bermuda, Caribbean islands, and Newfoundland. The Lend-Lease Act permitted the U.S. to lend or lease arms to any country "vital to the defense of the United States." FDR also developed the Hemispheric Defense Zone, which established that the western half of the Atlantic Ocean was part of the Western Hemisphere and therefore was neutral. FDR and Churchill also agreed to the Atlantic Charter in August of 1941, which was a basic statement of war aims and common principles. It was a list of what FDR and Churchill wanted to accomplish even though the U.S. was neutral. **How was the U.S. edging closer to war?**

22. On January 6, 1941, FDR gave an address to Congress in which he discussed the Four Freedoms. "//In the future days, which we seek to make secure, we look forward to a world founded upon four essential human freedoms. The first is freedom of speech and expression - everywhere in the world. The second is freedom of every person to worship god in his own way - everywhere in the world. The third is freedom from want - which...will secure to every nation a healthy peacetime life for its inhabitants - everywhere in the world. The fourth is freedom from fear - which, translated into world terms, means a world-wide reduction of armaments to such a point and in such a thorough fashion that no nation will be in a position to commit an act of physical aggression against any neighbor - anywhere in the world.//" **What do you think FDR meant by freedom from want and freedom from fear (notice the world "from" is used, not "of" - freedom FROM want and fear, not freedom OF want or fear)?**

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