US_Ch5_Homework-1

=**U.S. History Chapter 5 Homework #1**= Answer the following on notebook paper.

1. Several European nations were already expanding overseas, a development known as the New Imperialism. Imperialism is the economic and political domination of a strong nation over weaker ones. Europeans expanded their power overseas for many reasons. Factories depended on raw materials from all over the world. No country had all of the resources its economy needed. In addition, by the late 1800s, most industrialized countries had placed high tariffs against each other. These tariffs were intended to protect a nation's industries from foreign competition. The tariffs reduced trade between industrialized countries, forcing companies to look for other markets overseas. At the same time, the growth of investment opportunities in Western Europe had slowed. Most of the factories, railroads, and mines that Europe's economy needed had been built. Increasingly, Europeans began looking overseas for places to invest their capital. They started to invest in industries located in other countries, particularly Africa and Asia. The United States saw that they had to do the same. **What led world powers to look for other markets overseas? (A) goal of domination (B) wanted more wealth (C) tariffs reduced trade (D) build militaries (E) all (F) none**

2. As Americans became increasingly willing to risk war to defend American interests overseas, support for building a large modern navy began to grow. Supporters argued that if the U.S. did not build up its navy and acquire bases overseas, European nations would shut it out of foreign markets. Captain Alfred T. Mahan, an officer in the U.S. Navy who taught at the Naval War College, best expressed this argument. In 1890 Mahan published his lectures in a book called //The Influence of Sea Power upon History//, 1660-1783. In this book Mahan pointed out that many prosperous peoples in the past, such as the British and the Dutch, had built large fleets of merchant ships to trade with the world. He then suggested that a nation also needed a large navy to protect its merchant ships and to defend its right to trade with other countries. **What did Captain Alfred T. Mahan believe was most important to be a world power? (A) large navy (B) colonies (C) new markets (D) industrialization (E) all (F) none**

3. In 1891, Queen Liliuokalani ascended the Hawaiian throne. She disliked the influence of American settlers. A group of sugar planters had forced her predecessor to accept a new constitution that minimized the power of the monarchy, gave voting rights to Americans and Europeans, and denied voting rights to most Hawaiians, and all Asians. In January 1893 she tried to impose a new constitution reasserting her authority as ruler of Hawaii. In response, a group of planters, led by Sanford Dole, tried to overthrow the Hawaiian monarchy. Supported by the marines from the //U.S.S. Boston//, they forced the queen to step down. Then they set up a provisional government and asked the United States to annex Hawaii. President Cleveland withdrew the annexation treaty and tried to return Liliuokalani to the throne, but Hawaii's new leaders refused and waited for Cleveland to leave office. Five years later, the U.S. annexed Hawaii. **What was the role of Liliuokalani?**

4. When the Cubans began their uprising against Spain, the U.S. would be neutral, but many in the U.S. supported the Cubans. A few sympathetic Americans even began smuggling weapons from Florida to the Cuban rebels. What caused most Americans to support the rebels were the stories of Spanish atrocities reported in two of the nation's major newspapers, the //New York Journal// and the //New York World//. The //Journal//, owned by William Randolph Hearst, and the //World//, owned by James Pulitzer, competed with each other to increase their circulation. The //Journal// reported outrageous stories of the Spanish feeding Cuban prisoners to sharks and dogs. Not to be outdone, the //World// described Cuba as a place with "blood on the roadsides, blood in the fields, blood on the doorsteps, blood, blood, blood!" This kind of sensationalist reporting in which writers often exaggerated and even made up stores to attract readers, became known as yellow journalism. **Cite and instance of Hearst as anti-Spain.**

5. From the story in #4: **Cite an instance of Pulitzer as anti-Spain.**

6. From the story in #4: **Hearst and Pulitzer exaggerated and made up stores to get readers, which was called -- --.**

7. In 1897 Republican William McKinley became president. The new president did not want to intervene in the war, believing it would cost too many lives and hurt the economy. In September 1897, he asked the Spanish if the U.S. could help negotiate an end to the conflict. He made it clear that if the war did not end soon, the U.S. might have to intervene. Spain removed Valeriano Weyler as governor, whose brutal policies earned him the nickname "the butcher." Spain offered Cuba the right to their own government as long as they stayed part of the Spanish empire. The Cuban rebels refused to negotiate. Spain's concessions enraged many Spanish loyalists in Cuba. In January 1898, the loyalists rioted in Havana. Worried that Americans in Cuba might be attacked, McKinley sent the battleship //Maine// to Cuba in case Americans needed evacuated. On February 9, 1898, the //New York Journal// printed a letter intercepted by a Cuban agent. Written by Enrique Dupuy de Lome, the Spanish ambassador to the U.S., the letter described McKinley as "weak and a bidder for the admiration of the crowd." The nation erupted in fury over the insult. Then, on the evening of February 15, 1898, while the //Maine// sat in Havana Harbor, it was ripped apart by an explosion and sank. No one is sure why or how. America then went to war against Spain in the Spanish-American War. **How did Enrique Dupuy de Lome contribute to America entering into war against Spain? Which event ultimately put the U.S. into the Spanish-American War in 1898?**

8. Part of the Spanish-American War involved fighting against the Spanish in the Philippines in the Pacific. One of the major battles took place in Manila Bay. Commodore George Dewey led America to victory in the Battle of Manila Bay in May of 1898. **What was the role of Commodore George Dewey?**

9. The U.S. was also fighting against the Spanish in Cuba. On June 14, 1898, a force of about 17,000 troops landed in Cuba. Troops began to advance towards the well-guarded city of Santiago. Among the American troops advancing was a volunteer cavalry unit from the American west. They were a flamboyant mix of cowboys, miners, and law officers known as the "Rough Riders." Colonel Leonard Wood commanded them and Theodore Roosevelt was second in command. On July 1, American troops attacked the village of El Caney northeast of Santiago. Another force attacked the San Juan Heights. While one group attacked San Juan Hill the Rough Riders attacked Kettle Hill. After taking Kettle Hill, Roosevelt and the Rough Riders assisted in taking San Juan Hill. The Spanish commander panicked after the American victories and ordered the Spanish fleet to flee. The American navy attacked sinking or beaching each Spanish vessel. Soon, the Spanish surrendered with America occupying the Spanish colony of Puerto Rico as well. **What was the role of Theodore Roosevelt?**

10. Debates in History - Should the U.S. annex the Philippines? In the Treaty of Paris of 1898 (that ended the Spanish-American War), Spain ceded control of the Philippine Islands to the U.S. Americans were divided over whether the U.S. should give the Filipinos their independence or annex the Philippines. Supporters of annexation argued the U.S. would benefit economically and the Filipinos would benefit from exposure to American values and principles. Opponents, however, considered it hypocritical for the U.S., with its own colonial past, to become an imperial nation. YES - Albert J. Beveridge, U.S. Senator: "//The opposition tells us that we ought not to govern a people without their consent. I answer, the rule of liberty that all just government derives its authority from the consent of the governed, applies only to those who are capable of self-government. We govern the Indians without their consent, we govern our territories without their consent, we govern our children without their consent...Would not the people of the Philippines prefer the just, humane, civilizing government of this Republic to the savage, bloody rule of pillage and extortion from which we have rescued them//?" Beveridge is saying the American system would provide freedom whereas the Spanish had been brutal plus if Filipino warlords fight for power, new leadership could be like the Spanish. NO - William Jennings Bryan, Presidential Candidate: "//It is not necessary to own people in order to trade with them. We carry on trade today with every part of the world, and our commerce has expanded more rapidly than the commerce of any European empire...A harbor and coaling station in the Philippines would answer every trade and military necessity and such a concession could have been secured at any time without difficulty...Imperialism finds no warrant in the Bible. The command "Go ye into all the world and preach the gospel to every creature' has no Gatling gun attachment//..." Bryan opposes annexation saying the U.S. could benefit economically even without controlling the Philippines.
 * Who do you agree with? Why?**

11. In the political cartoon below, William McKinley raises the American flag over the Philippines while William Jennings Bryan tries to chop in down.
 * In analyzing the cartoon, what is McKinley trying to do as opposed to Bryan (explain the cartoon, not just repeat the statement above)?**

12. Although the United States had promised to grant Cuba its independence, President McKinley took steps to ensure that Cuba would remain tied to the United States. He allowed the Cubans to prepare a new constitution for their country, but attached conditions. The Platt Amendment, submitted by Senator Orville Platt, specified the following: (1) Cuba could not make a treaty with any other that would weaken its independence; (2) Cuba had to allow the United States to buy or lease naval stations in Cuba; (3) Cuba's debts had to be kept low to prevent foreign countries from landing troops to enforce payment; (4) the United States would have the right to intervene to protect Cuban independence and keep order. Reluctantly, the Cubans added the amendment to their constitution. The Platt Amendment, which effectively made Cuba an American protectorate, remained in effect until its repeal in 1934. **Which amendment made Cuba a protectorate of the United States? (A) Teller (B) Platt (C) Cuban (D) Imperialist (E) all (F) none**

13. Another pressing question was how to govern Puerto Rico. In 1900 Congress passed the Foraker Act, establishing a civil government for the island. The law provided for an elected legislature, but also called for a governor and executive council, to be appointed by the president, who held final authority. Supreme Court rulings subsequently held that Puerto Ricans were not American citizens and so did not possess the constitutional rights of citizens. Congress gradually allowed Puerto Ricans greater self-government. In 1917 it granted Puerto Ricans citizenship. Thirty years later they were allowed to elect their own governor. Debate over statehood continues even today. **Which nation became a U.S. territory under the Foraker Act?**

14. Emilio Aguinaldo called the American annexation of the Philippines violent and aggressive and so ordered troops to attack American soldiers. The Philippine-American War lasted about three years. The Filipinos fought with guerilla tactics and the U.S. had to employ tactics that America had condemned Spain for using in Cuba. William Howard Taft tried to win over the Filipinos by improving education, transportation, and health care. Railroads and bridges were built. Public schools were set up. New health care policies virtually eliminated diseases. These reforms slowly reduced Filipino hostility. In March 1901, American troops captured Aguinaldo who called on the guerillas to surrender a month later. Gradually, the Philippines got their independence setting up their own government, but is still a U.S. territory today. **Which territory became a U.S. territory after the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo?**

15. Chinese secret societies formed to fight against foreigners in China. One such group was the Society of Harmonious Fists, also called the Boxers. In the Boxer Rebellion, the Boxers and some Chinese soldiers took over foreign embassies and killed more than 200 foreigners. An international force came in and destroyed the rebellion as Boxers believed they were immune to foreign bullets with the right meditation (they obviously were not). During the crisis, Secretary of State John Hay worked with British diplomats to persuade the other powers not to partition China. In a second set of Open Door notes, Hay convinced the participating powers to accept compensation from China for damages caused by the rebellion. After some discussion, the world powers agreed not to break up China into European controlled colonies. The United States retained access to China's lucrative trade in tea, spices, and silk and maintained an increasingly larger market for its own good. This Open Door Policy led by Hay meant China would control its own resources and each nation had the ability to trade with China. **What was the purpose of the Open Door Policy? (A) expand U.S. markets (B) take parts of China (C) give all nations access to China's markets (D) military bases (E) all (F) none**

16. After the assassination of President McKinley, Vice President Theodore Roosevelt became president. TR believed in a strong global military presence. He insisted that displaying American power to the world would make nations think twice about fighting, and thus promote peace. He often expressed this belief with the West African saying "Speak softly and carry a big stick." This policy became most evident in the Caribbean. There the world witnessed one of the most dramatic acts of his presidency - the acquisition and construction of the Panama Canal. Roosevelt and others believed that having a canal through Central America was vital to American power in the world. A canal would save time and money for both commercial and military shipping. In 1901 the U.S. and Great Britain signed the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, which gave the U.S. the exclusive right to build any proposed canal through Central America. A French company had begun digging a canal through Panama in 1881, but by 1889 it abandoned its efforts because of bankruptcy and terrible losses from disease among the workers. Panama was part of Columbia, which refused to give the U.S. permission saying the price was too low. Panama feared losing commercial benefits and would eventually gain its independence from Columbia. By 1903, American construction began. Protestors called TR's actions aggressive, while TR maintained that he was advancing collective civilization. **Building the Panama Canal showed that what was evident? (A) Roosevelt's Big Stick Policy (B) American expansion (C) U.S. willing to go to war (D) U.S. money (E) all (F) none**

17. In 1902, the size of debts Latin American nations owed to European banks became a growing concern. After Britain, Germany, and Italy blockaded Venezuela, the U.S. intervened to help bring a solution. This led to TR's declaration, which became known as the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine. The corollary states that the United States would intervene in Latin American affairs when necessary to maintain economic and political stability in the Western Hemisphere. The goal was to prevent European powers from using the debt problems of Latin America to justify intervening in the region. **What role did the Roosevelt Corollary give the U.S.?**

18. Progressivism grew in the early 1900s. It was partly a reaction against laissez-faire economics and its emphasis on an unregulated market, which led to America's growth through industrialization. Progressives generally believed that industrialization and urbanization had created many social problems and believed the government should have more control over businesses and the government would be responsible to fix all social problems. Progressives were believers in science and technology believing that scientific principles could produce solutions for society. The belief of progressives would be pretty much opposite of America's founders. **How did Progressives view government's role?**

19. Among the first people to write about Progressive ideas was a group of crusading journalists who investigated social conditions and political corruption. They were nicknamed "muckrakers," and were known for exposing scandals. Some muckrakers brought problems to light in which society began to demand solutions, but keep in mind Progressives view government solutions as important, not so much Christianity as a role. Government-reliance rather than self-reliance will have its roots in this era. Jacob Riis wrote about slum areas and raised awareness of poverty, disease, and crime in immigrant neighborhoods. Lincoln Steffens wrote about corruption in local governments (cities). Ida Tarbell wrote about Standard Oil and demonized Rockefeller. Edward Russell attacked the beef industry. Upton Sinclair went after the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking plants. Most Progressives were skeptical of business and many were socialists. **Which muckraker raised awareness of poverty, disease, and crime in immigrant neighborhoods? (A) Upton Sinclair (B) Ida Tarbell (C) Jacob Riis (D) Edward Russell (E) all (F) none**

20. There was a group of Progressives that were not socialist or government-reliance Progressives who wanted to make government more efficient by applying business principles. Frederick Taylor wrote //Principles of Scientific Management// in 1911 and he quickly became known as the "Efficiency Expert." He had come up with ideas for business efficiency such as proper time management, standardization of tools, breaking down tasks, use of the assembly line, and various techniques for management. Progressives saw inefficiency and corruption in local governments as problematic. They started to look at new forms of local governments such as have city commissions or another idea was having a city council with a city manager. **Frederick Taylor, the "Efficiency Expert," had suggestions such as (A) proper time management (B) standardized tools (C) breaking down tasks (D) managerial techniques (E) all (F) none**

21. Theodore Roosevelt believed that trusts and other large business organizations were very efficient and part of the reason for America's prosperity. Yet TR remained concerned that the monopoly power of some trusts were hurt the public interest. His first target was J.P. Morgan's railroad holding company, Northern Securities. Remember, Morgan had bailed out America after the Panic of 1893 when Cleveland was in office. Morgan certainly loved his country. However, the Progressive era, many Progressives saw big business as too powerful. Northern Securities merged existing railroads and had a form of monopoly. The company had not raised rates or gouged the people, but farmers and some small business owners feared that they might or could. TR ordered his attorney general to file suit against Northern Securities for violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. Morgan was baffled and asked TR what he could do so the matter wouldn't have to go to court. TR continued the case though and the Supreme Court ruled that the company had to split up. TR earned the nickname "trustbuster." **Going after the Northern Securities Company earned TR the nickname (A) union basher (B) Social Darwinist (C) bully (D) Trustbuster (E) all (F) none**

22. Roosevelt was a believer of regulation of business and pushed the Hepburn Act through Congress in 1906. This act was intended to strengthen the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) by giving it the power to set railroad rates. At first, railroad companies were suspicious of the ICC and tied up its decisions by challenging them in court. Eventually, the railroads realized that they could work with the ICC to set rates and regulations that limited competition and prevented new competitors from entering the industry. Eventually, the ICC was setting the rates completely to guarantee profits. **How did the Hepburn Act increase the role of the government? (A) took over the railroads (B) set railroad schedules (C) set railroad rates (D) competed with the railroads (E) all (F) none**

23. Supreme Court Cases - Northern Securities v. United States (1904): In 1901 three powerful businessmen - J.P. Morgan, James J. Hill, and Edward Harriman - created Northern Securities, a holding company that owned the majority of the stock in several major railroads. The government sued the company for violated the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, and the court ordered the company broken up. The Constitution gives the Congress the power to regulate Interstate commerce, but does "commerce" mean all business activity or just shipping goods across state lines? Northern Securities argued that they were a company that was set up to buy stock and was set up under New Jersey laws and that the federal government had no role because they were not involved in interstate commerce. In a 5-4 decision, the Supreme Court ruled against Northern Securities saying the government had the power over businesses in this type of commerce (an increase in government power was allowed by this decision.

Court's Opinion (against Northern Securities): "No state can, by merely creating a corporation...project its authority into other states, and across the continent, so as to prevent Congress from exerting the power it possesses under the Constitution over interstate and international commerce. ...Every corporation created by a state is necessarily subject to the supreme law of the land...In short, the Court may make any order necessary to bring about the dissolution or suppression of an illegal combination that restrains interstate commerce. All this can be done without infringing in any degree upon the just authority of the states. - Justice John Marshall Harlan, writing for the court."

Opposing view (supported Northern Securities): "Commerce depends upon population, but Congress could not, on the ground, undertake to regulate marriage and divorce. If the act before us is to be carried out according to what seems to me the logic of the argument...I can see no part of the conduct of life with which...Congress might not interfere...This act is construed by the government to affect the purchasers of shares in two railroad companies because of the effect it may have...upon the competition of these roads. If such a remote result of the exercise of an ordinary incident of property and personal freedom is enough to make that exercise unlawful, there is hardly any transaction concerning commerce between the states that may not be made a crime by the finding of a jury or court."


 * Where do you stand on this Supreme Court case?**

24. Debates in History - Should resources be preserved? The origins of the environmentalist movement can be traced to the Progressive Era. John Muir, founder of the Sierra Club, was a preservationist, or one who wanted to leave nature as it was. Gifford Pinchot (from PA) was head of the Forestry Service and was a conservationist who wanted to use natural resources by managing the land. John Muir - "The making of gardens and parks goes on with civilization all over the world, and they increase both in size and number as their value is recognized. Everybody needs beauty as well as bread, places to play and pray in, where nature may heal and cheer and give strength to body and soul alike...Nevertheless, like anything else worth while...they have always been subject to attack by despoiling gainseekers...eagerly trying to make everything immediately and selfishly commercial, with schemes, disguises in smug-smiling philanthropy, industriously, shampiously crying 'conservation' that man and beast may be fed and the dear nation made great." Gifford Pinchot - "The first principle of conservation is development, the use of the natural resources now existing on this continent for the benefit of the people who live here now. there may be just as much waste in neglecting the development and use of certain natural resources as there is in their destruction...Conservation stands emphatically for the development and use of water-power now, without delay. It stands for the immediate construction of navigable waterways...as assistants to the railroads...In addition...natural resources must be developed and preserved for the benefit of the many and not merely for the profit of the few." Basically Muir believed wild places should be left as they are and Pinchot believed managing the use of the land would benefit all citizens. **Who do you agree with? Why?**

25. Under President William Taft, the Children's Bureau was set up. This agency was set up in 1912 to investigate and publicize the problems of child labor. The agency exists today and deals with issues such as child abuse prevention, adoption, and foster care. **Was the Children's Bureau necessary? Is it still necessary? Explain.**

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