US_Ch4_Homework-1

=**U.S. History Chapter 4 Homework #1**= Answer the following on notebook paper:

1. An abundance of raw materials was one reason for the nation's industrial success. The United States had vast natural resources, including timber, coal, iron, and copper. This meant that American companies could obtain them cheaply and did not have to import them from other countries. Many of these resources were located in the American West. The settlement of this region helped accelerate industrialization, as did the transcontinental railroad. Railroads took settlers and miners to the region and carried resources back to factories in the East. At the same time, people began using a new resource, petroleum. Even before the automobile age, petroleum was in high demand because it could be turned into kerosene. The American oil industry was built on the demand for kerosene, a fuel used in lanterns and stoves. the industry began in western Pennsylvania, where residents had long noticed oil bubbling to the surface of area springs, and streams. In 1859, Edwin Drake drilled the first oil well near Titusville, PA. By 1900 oil fields from western Pennsylvania to Texas had been drilled. As oil production rose, it led to economic expansion. **How did Edwin Drake's oil strike in Titusville, PA and oil in general impact the economy? (A) unions formed (B) expansion (C) depression (D) no change (E) all (F) none**

2. Click on the link to view the [|interactive map] on natural resources in the United States in 1890. **What were the three major natural resources in Pennsylvania? C---, I, and P.**

3. Industrialization and entrepreneurship sparked new inventions during the 1870s through the 1890s. A key lesson to learn here is that when government stays out of the way and allows hard work to pay off by earning wealth, America's economy grows and new goods are produced and sold, which creates more jobs. 1872 - Elijah McCoy invents automatic lubricator for steam engines, allowing trains to run faster with less maintenance. 1873 - Christopher Lathom Sholes develops the typewriter and sells it to Remington and Sons. 1876 - Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone improving communication. 1877 - Thomas Edison invents the phonograph. 1882 - Lewis Latimer invents the carbon filament for light bulbs, allowing them to last much longer. 1886 - Josephine Cochran develops automatic dishwater, its basic design is still used today. 1888 - George Eastman patents the first hand-held camera that can take snapshot pictures - the Kodak. 1893 - Charles and Frank Duryea invent America's first gasoline-powered automobile. 1903 - Wilbur and Orville Wright fly America's first airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.
 * Rank what you believe were the three most important inventions in industrialization and why each was important to the nation.**

4. An important reason the U.S. was able to industrialize rapidly was its free enterprise system. In the late 1800s, many Americans embraced the idea of laissez-faire, a French phrase meaning 'hands off" or "let people do as they choose." Supporters of this believe the government should not interfere in the economy other than to protect private property rights and maintain peace. They argue that if the government regulates the economy, it increases costs and eventually hurts society more than it helps. A free market based on supply and demand has companies that compete and this leads to greater efficiency and creates more wealth for everyone. A free market gives the incentive to work hard by one's ability to earn a profit. The profit motive attracted many capable and ambitious people into business. Entrepreneurs - people who risk their capital to organize and run businesses - were attracted by the prospect of making money in manufacturing and transportation. **What led to the growth of industry? (A) lack of resources (B) government controlling businesses (C) free enterprise system and Laissez-Faire (D) mineral strikes (E) all (F) none**

5. **Laissez-Faire allowed ambitious Americans to attempt a business. These people are called... (A) union bosses (B) lobbyists (C) bureaucrats (D) entrepreneurs (E) all (F) none**

6. Robber barons are the people who looted money in the railroad industry and gave nothing back. The Credit Mobilier scandal was one in which individuals in the Credit Mobilier company were getting government money to finance the building of railroads but pocketed much of the money and continued to get more money from the government claiming more was needed to complete the railroads. James J. Hill was one who was not a robber baron. Hill build and operated the Great Northern Railroad from Wisconsin to Minnesota in the East to Washington in the West. He did so without any government money - all done privately without any government assistance. To increase business, he offered low fares to settlers who homesteaded along his route. Later, he sold homesteads to the Norwegian and Swedish immigrants coming to the region. He then identified American products that were in demand in China, including cotton, textiles, and flour, and arranged to haul those goods to Washington for shipment to Asia. This enabled the railroad to earn money by hauling goods both east and west, instead of simply sending lumber and farm products east and coming back empty, as many other railroads did at the time. **James Hill was successful unlike others since he (A) didn't rely on government money, but rather his own ideas (B) used iron and steel (C) had union workers (D) supervised himself (E) all (F) none**

7. Big business would not be possible without the corporation. A corporation is an organization owned by many people but treated by law as though it were a person. It can own property, pay taxes, make contracts, and sue and be sued. The people who own the corporation are called stockholders because they own shares of stock in the company. Issuing stock allows a corporation to raise large amounts of money for big projects while spreading out the financial risk. With the money they raised from the sale of stock, corporations could invest in new technologies, hire large workforces, and purchase many machines, greatly increasing their efficiency. This enabled them to achieve economies of scale; the cost of manufacturing is decreased by producing goods quickly in large quantities. Big corporations could produce more goods cheaply and efficiently. they could continue to operate in poor economic times by cutting prices to increase sales rather than shutting down. Many were also able to negotiate rebates from the railroads, further lowering their operating costs. Small businesses with higher operating costs found it difficult to compete with large corporations. **Corporations sell shares of s in order to use to improve business and minimize risk (since the stock money is paid by citizens in the stock market). With this money, corporations can invest in new t---, hire a large w, and purchase m--- that improve e--.**

8. Major industries and businesses grew in the Industrial Revolution. Andrew Carnegie had come to the U.S. at age 12 penniless. He worked as a bobbin boy in a textile factory at first and through the years took other jobs. He began to invest and accumulated some wealth. Through his hard work, he would begin the iron and steel industry in Pittsburgh and become one of the wealthiest men in America due completely to his hard work. To make his company more efficient, Carnegie began the vertical integration of the steel industry. A vertically integrated company owns all of the different businesses on which it depends for its operation. Instead of paying companies for coal, lime, and iron, Carnegie's steel company bought coal mines, limestone quarries, and iron ore fields. This allowed him to control his entire enterprise. Horizontal integration is merging firms in the same industry into one business. One of the most famous entrepreneurs to do this was John D. Rockefeller in the oil industry. He would bring in others in the oil industry and formed Standard Oil. By 1880, his company controlled 90% of the oil industry. Rockefeller gets accused of forming a monopoly, but in reality he cut prices and made petroleum products affordable to everyone. Rockefeller had formed the first trust, a new way of merging businesses that didn't violate laws. A trust was a legal arrangement that allows one person to manage another person's property. Instead of buying a company outright, Standard Oil had stockholders give their stocks to a group of Standard Oil trustees and in exchange stockholders received shares in the trust, which entitled them to some of the profits. Another entrepreneur in this time person was J.P. Morgan who grew in banking and finance. He developed investment banking, which helped companies issue stock. **Companies would sell large blocks of stock to investment bankers at a discount. the bankers would then find people willing to buy the stock and sell it for a profit. Who revolutionized the iron and steel industry in Pittsburgh? ...the oil industry with Standard Oil? ...banking and finance?**

9. **What is formed by a legal agreement in which one person manages another person's property? (A) trust (B) pool (C) corporation (D) monopoly (E) all (F) none**

10. In the U.S. there were two basic types of workers in the 1800s - craft workers and common laborers. Craft workers had special skills and training. They included machinists, iron molders, stonecutters, shoemakers, printers, and many others. Craft workers received higher wages and had more control over how they organized their time. Common laborers had few skills and received lower wages since they had lower skills. In the 1830s, craft workers began to form labor unions. By 1873, there were 32 national trade unions. Employers often had to negotiate with trade unions because they represented workers whose skills they needed. However, employers generally viewed unions as interfering with property rights. Life for workers during industrialization was difficult but there were plenty of jobs available. The average worker's wages increased 50% between 1860 and 1890. In addition, prices decreased on goods and businesses grew. With falling prices, buying power increased for everyone. Still unions formed demanding higher wages. There would be conflict when firms cut wages from time to time even though prices were able to be cut more than wages. **Workers formed u- due to wages being cut, but why didn't lower wages hurt workers? P- were falling far more than wages, which had actually increased b-- power of workers. With this knowledge, were unions still justified? Why or why not?**

11. The 1800s also saw new economic ideas written by Karl Marx. Marxism were the ideas that the workers should revolt, seize control of the factories, and overthrow the government. Marxists claimed that after the revolution the government would seize all private property and create a socialist society where wealth was evenly divided regardless of how hard one worked. Marx thought the state would disappear, leaving a communist society where classes did not exist. Socialists were (and still are) those who want to see the government seize property and redistribute wealth. They believe it's unfair that some have more than others. Keep in mind, those who had a lot of wealth earned it through education and hard work - like Carnegie who was an immigrant who came penniless. Anarchists were those who saw no need for government at all and were willing to use violence to ignite a revolution and often did with assassinations and setting off bombs. Socialists and anarchists got involved in union activity as well, which hurt the unions. **Who wrote about new ideas of workers rising up and overthrowing the government and evenly distributing wealth in a socialist economy? (A) Karl Marx (B) Eugene V. Debs (C) Richard Trumpka (D) Uriah Stephens (E) all (F) none**

12. The Panic of 1873 was a depression that put a strain on the American worker. This led to groups looking for higher wages and other working conditions. The Great Railroad Strike of 1877 was the first major interstate strike and showed the power unions could have. Various unions began to form. The Knights of Labor with Terence Powderly opposed strikes, preferring to use boycotts to pressure employers. They supported arbitration, a process in which a third party helps workers and employers reach an agreement. This union had some early successes getting wage cuts reversed in one of Jay Gould's railroads, but there would come an event that would undermine their reputation. In 1886 supporters of the 8-hour workday called for a nationwide strike on May 1st. On that date, strikes took place in many cities. In Chicago, the local Knights of Labor led a march of 80,000 people through the center of the city on that date. Over the next few days, nearly 70,000 workers went on strike across the city. On May 3, police intervened to stop a fight on the picket line at the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company. The incident turned violent and police fired on the strikers, killing four. Afterward, the local anarchist group organized a meeting in Chicago's Haymarket Square to protest the shooting of the strikers. On the evening of May 4, about 3,000 people gathered to hear the speeches. As the meeting began to break up, the police moved in to keep order. Someone threw a bomb, killing one officer and wounding six others. The police opened fire, and workers shot back. About 100 people, including about 70 police officers, were injured. The police arrested 8 people, 7 of which were German immigrants who advocated anarchism.. As a result, the Knights of Labor became associated with anarchism. **Which event put an end to the Knights of Labor? (A) Great Railroad Strike of 1877 (B) Panic of 1873 (C) Haymarket Riot (D) Homestead Act (E) all (F) none**

13. The Haymarket Riot was one of instance of how unions could become violent. The Homestead Strike was one that the steel union went on strike in one of Carnegie's mills, which was managed by Henry Clay Frick. The members of the union belonged to the Amalgamated Association of Iron, Steel, and Tin Workers, the largest craft union in the nation. Frick locked the plant and arranged for the Pinkerton Detective Agency to bring in replacement workers. Strikers refused to allow the Pinkertons to land off of their barges. Gunfire followed with some deaths. The PA governor sent in the militia to take control and protect the replacement workers. In four months, the strike collapsed. The Pullman Strike was another example as it was led by Eugene V. Debs, a committed socialist. **Strikes in the 1880s and 1890s decreased union membership since they were often (A) successful (B) discriminatory (C) violent (D) buying businesses (E) all (F) none**

14. The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was the dominant union of the late 1800s. In 1886 leaders of several national trade unions came together to create the AFL. From its beginning, the AFL focused on promoting the interests of skilled workers. Samuel Gompers was the first president of the AFL, a position he held until 1924 (with the exception of one year). He wanted to avoid controversy and didn't want socialists or anarchists involved. He was willing to use the strike method but preferred to negotiate. He pushed for companies to recognize the union and agree to collective bargaining. The AFL grew and had power but still only consisted of 15% of non-farm workers. Also, the AFL discriminated against blacks and only admitted few women. **Samuel Gompers and the AFL were different from Eugene V. Debs and other unions since Gompers was against (A) skilled labor (B) strikes (C) unions (D) socialism (E) all (F) none**

15. The voyage to the U.S. was often very difficult. Most immigrants booked passage in steerage, the cheapest accommodations on a steamship. At the end of the 14-day journey, the passengers usually disembarked at Ellis Island, a tiny island in New York Harbor. There, a huge three-story building served as the processing center for many of the immigrants arriving from Europe after 1892. Most immigrants passed through Ellis Island in about a day. They would not soon forget their hectic introduction tot he United States. A medical examiner who worked there would check out the immigrant to determine health. Those who didn't pass the medical examine were sent back to Europe. Also, anarchists and socialists would be turned back. Basically, if the immigrant was able to answer the simple question "What is your name?" then he/she was allowed in pending the medical exam. Asian immigration to the West Coast increased as well with Angel Island being the processing center in San Francisco. With the beginning of the Central Pacific Railroad, there was an increase in the demand for Chinese laborers. **What was the name of the immigration headquarters in New York City? What about San Francisco?**

16. Use the map below to answer the question:
 * Which ethnic group would be the biggest immigrant to Pennsylvania in the Gilded Age? (A) Italian (B) German (C) Irish (D) English (E) all (F) none**

17. In the West, anti-Chinese sentiment sometimes led to racial violence. Denis Kearney, himself an Irish immigrant, organized the Workingman's Party of California in the 1870s to fight Chinese immigration. The union won seats in California's legislature and pushed to cut off Chinese immigration. In 1882, Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion Act. The law barred Chinese immigration for 10 years and prevented the Chinese already in the country from becoming citizens. Despite efforts by Chinese in the U.S. to change this, the law was renewed in 1892 and made permanent in 1902. It wasn't removed until 1943. **Which union formed in California was racist (leader was socialist) and pushed for Chinese exclusion? (A) Knights of Labor (B) Grange (C) AFL (D) Workingman's Party (E) all (F) none**

18. Questions asked to immigrants (example from 1907): 1. Called or Occupation? 2. Able to Read? 3. Able to Write? 4. Nationality? 5. Whether having a ticket to final destination? 6. By whom was passage paid? 7. Whether in possession of $50 and if less, how much? 8. Whether going to join a relative or friend? 9. Ever in prison or almshouse or institution for care or treatment of the insane or supported by charity? 10. Whether a polygamist? 11. Whether an anarchist? 12. Whether coming by reason of any office, solicitation, promise, or agreement, express or implied. to labor in the United States? Condition of Health, Mental and Physical. 13. Deformed or crippled nature, length of time and cause.
 * Do you think the questions that were asked at Ellis Island were necessary? Why?**

19. Urbanization required new technology. Before the mid-1800s, few buildings exceeded four or five stories. To make wooden and stone buildings taller required enormously thick walls in the lower levels. This changed when steel companies began mass-producing cheap steel girders and steel cables. In terms of steel cable, steel also changed the way bridges were built. Engineers could now suspend bridges from steel towers using thick steel cables. Using this technique, engineer John Roebling designed New York's Brooklyn Bridge - the world's largest suspension bridge at the time. It was completed in 1883. Steel frames allowed buildings to be built taller, i.e. skyscrapers. Elevators were important as well. Elisha Graves Otis invented the safety elevator - an elevator brake in 1852. By the late 1880s, the first electric elevators had been installed, making tall buildings more practical. **What technologies were necessary to build skyscrapers?**

20. City living posed the risks of crime, violence, fire, disease, and pollution. The rapid growth of cities only made these problems worse and complicated the ability of urban governments to respond to these problems. Crime was a growing problem in American cities. Minor criminals such as pickpockets, swindlers, and thieves, thrived in crowded urban living conditions. Major crimes multiplied as well. From 1880 to 1900, the murder rate jumped sharply from 25 per million people to more than 100 per million people. Alcohol contributed to violent crime, both inside and outside the home. Danish immigrant Jacob Riis, who documented slum life accused saloons of "breeding poverty," corrupting politics, bringing suffering to the wives and children of drunkards, and fostering "the corruption of the child" by selling beer to minors. Disease and pollution posed problems as well. Improper sewage disposal contaminated city drinking water and triggered epidemics of typhoid fever and cholera. Though flush toilets and sewer systems existed in the 1870s, full water and sewage systems needed to be constructed. **What were some of the major city problems by the end of the 1800s?**

21. A growing theory that reinforced the idea of individualism was Social Darwinism, which loosely derived from Darwin's theories and was the belief that natural selection also took place in society and explained why some had wealth and others did not. Industrial leaders at the time often appeared to embrace this theory. In reality, hard work and education is what pays off and is what did pay off then as well to earn wealth. Andrew Carnegie developed his own philosophy called the Gospel of Wealth, which held that wealthy Americans should engage in philanthropy and use their great fortunes to create the conditions that would help people help themselves. Building schools and hospitals, for example, was better than giving handouts to the poor, Carnegie believed. Carnegie himself helped fund the creation of public libraries in cities across the nation since they provided information people needed to get ahead in life. **What was the philosophy of Carnegie that the wealthy (not the government) were responsible to help social progress? (A) Social Darwinism (B) Realism (C) Gospel of Wealth (D) Individualism (E) all (F) none**

22. Popular culture changed considerably in the late 1800s. Industrialization improved the standard of living for many people, enabling them to spend money on entertainment and recreation. Increasingly, urban Americans divided their lives into separate units - that of work and that of home. People began "going out" to public entertainment. In cities, saloons often outnumbered groceries and meat markets. As a place for social gathering, saloons played a major role in the lives of male workers. Saloons also served as political centers and saloonkeepers were often key figures in political machines. Amusement parks also began as well with Coney Island in NYC. Watching professional sports became popular as well. Vaudevilles were adapted French theaters, which provided shows for people to go see. Ragtime was the popular music by the end of the 1800s. **What were the important community and political centers in cities? (A) city hall (B) saloons (C) D.C. (D) political boss's homes (E) all (F) none**

23. Politics in D.C. changed by the end of the 1800s. The spoils system (government positions given to party loyal) was replaced by the merit system, or competitive exams in which the most qualified person gets the government job in the civil service. The federal government began to take control of the railroads with the Interstate Commerce Act, which set up the Interstate Commerce Commission. Small businesses were upset that railroads were giving rebates to big businesses. For example, Rockefeller often got rebates, which meant lower costs for him. This might seem negative since Rockefeller was wealthy and ran a big business and could have lower prices than smaller competitors, but from the railroaders' standpoint, rebates were given to steady customers (often done today when businesses offer free gifts to repeat customers). Obviously, rebates have good points and bad points depending on those involved. However, this new law in 1887 gave the ICC power to regulate railroad rates. The commission wasn't very effective though because it relied on the courts for enforcement. **How did the Interstate Commerce Act increase the power of government over individuals? (A) took over the railroads (B) regulation of the railroads (C) put railroad owners in jail (D) refused to regulate the railroads (E) all (F) none**

24. Another issue in this time period was the tariff - whether or not to increase the tax on imports from foreign nations. The election of 1888 gave the Republicans control of Congress and the Presidency (Benjamin Harrison), which was the party that wanted a higher tariff on foreign goods. William McKinley was a representative from Ohio who pushed through the McKinley Tariff, which lowered some but increased tariffs on most goods including textiles to protect American businesses. However, it led to an increase in all prices and foreign nations increased tariffs on American-made goods as well. This was one o the biggest reasons Harrison lost in 1892. **Why did the McKinley Tariff prevent Harrison's re-election? (A) led to rise in prices (B) led to unemployment (C) decreased business (D) increased taxes (E) all (F) none**

25. The social problems that came with industrialization led to a debate over government's role in the economy. Some believed that government should intervene to help the poor and solve problems while others argued that leaving things alone was the best solution. Opposing points of view: William Graham Sumner, professor: "The moment that government provided work for one, it would have to provide work for all, and then would be no end whatever possible. Society does not owe any man a living. In all the cases that I have ever known of young men who claimed that society owed them a living, it has turned out that society paid them - in the State prison...The fact that a man is here is no demand upon other people that they shall keep him alive and sustain him. He has got to fight the battle with nature as every other man has; and if he fights it with the same energy and enterprise and skill and industry as any other man, I cannot imagine his failing." Basically, Sumner is saying hard work and earning an education will pay off in earning wealth and that government shouldn't use tax dollars to provide for those who aren't willing to work hard for their money. Lester Frank Ward, sociologist: "The actions of men are a reflex of their mental characteristics. When these differ so widely the acts of their possessors will correspondingly differ. Instead of all doing the same thing, they will do a thousand different things. The natural and necessary effect of this is to give breadth to human activity. Every subject will be looked at from all conceivable points of view, and no aspect will be overlooked or neglected. It is due to this multiplicity of viewpoints, growing not of natural inequalities like the minds of men, that civilizations and culture have moved forward along so many lines and swept the whole field of possible achievements." Ward would favor more government.
 * Which do you agree with and why?**

26. Farmers began having problems in this time periods. New technology such as the McCormick grain binder allowed more land to be farmed, but more food on the market drove prices down - this was good if you were a consumer, but for the farmers, profits fell. Farmers had to buy seeds and supplies and pay railroads to ship their harvest. They also had to pay their mortgages. As food prices fell and interest rates stayed high, farmers were caught in the middle. **How did technology contribute to the decline in farm prices?**

27. The farmers began some organization after the Department of Agriculture sent Oliver H. Kelley to tour the rural South and report on the conditions of the farmers in 1866. He began the Patrons of Husbandry, also called the National Grange. Their attempts to improve conditions didn't work out and the Grange didn't fall apart, but did decline. A new organization, the Farmers' Alliance, formed and got strong support throughout the Great Plains. However, they were unable to improve prices or conditions for the farmers. By 1890, Alliance leaders were pushing for a new political party for political reforms for the farmers. The People's Party, also called the Populist Party, formed to improve farmers' conditions and put up candidates to run for state offices in several Midwestern states. In 1892, the Populist Party put up a candidate for president - James Weaver. This third party would end up dying out when the Democrat Party began to adopt Populist Party ideas of farmers' support, an income tax, government run railroads, and unlimited coinage of silver. **Which party formed to support farmers as well as labor? (A) Populist (B) Democrat (C) Workingman's Party (D) Farmers' Alliance (E) all (F) none**

28. African-Americans faced the Jim Crow Laws in the Southern states after Reconstruction. These laws made discrimination and segregation of blacks legal. Soon after Reconstruction ended, an estimated 6,000 to 15,000 blacks left the rural South and headed to Kansas, where they hoped to build a better life for themselves. They were called "Exodusters." **With the Jim Crow laws in the South, where did blacks go to? Why?**

29. In terms of discrimination against blacks, in 1890 Mississippi began requiring all citizens registering to vote to pay a poll tax of $2, a sum beyond the means of most poor African-Americans. Mississippi also instituted a literacy test, requiring voters to read and understand a literacy test, requiring voters to read and understand the state constitution. Few African-Americans born after the Civil War had been able to attend school and those who had grown up under slavery were largely illiterate. Other Southern states adopted similar policies. Election officials in the South were far less strict in applying poll tax and literacy laws to whites, but the number of white voters did drop as well. **How would the poll tax hinder the right to vote?**

30. Supreme Court case //Plessy v. Ferguson//: When Homer Plessy, a light-skinned man who was 1/8 black, had taken a seat in a whites-only train car and refused to move, he was arrested. He took his case to the Supreme Court challenging the Louisiana law. The Supreme Court upheld the right of states to make laws that sustained segregation. The majority of justices wanted to distinguish between political rights guaranteed by the 14th and 15th amendments and social rights. The Court's opinion: "The object of the 14th amendment was undoubtedly to enforce the absolute equality of the two races before the law, but...it could not have been intended to abolish distinctions based upon color, or to enforce social, as distinguished from political equality, or a commingling of the two races upon terms unsatisfactory to either. Laws permitting, and even requiring their separation in places where they are liable to be brought into contact do not necessarily imply the inferiority of either race to the other...We cannot say that a law which authorizes or even requires the separation of the two races in public conveyances Is unreasonable." - Justice Henry Billings Brown writing for the Supreme Court Other Views: "Our constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law...We boast of the freedom enjoyed by our people above all other peoples. But it is difficult to reconcile that boast with a state of law which, practically, puts the brand of servitude and degradation upon a large class of our fellow citizens - our equals before the law. The thin disguise of "equal" accommodations for passengers in railroad coaches will not mislead any one, nor atone for the wrong this day done." - Justice John Marshall Harlan writing the only dissent
 * Which side do you agree with in //Plessy v. Ferguson//? Why?**

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