US_Ch9_Homework-1

=**U.S. History Chapter 9 Homework #1**= Answer the following on notebook paper:

1. On December 7, 1941, the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor, which brought the U.S. into the war. Pearl Harbor was a turning point because it not only brought the U.S. into the war, but also decisively marked an end to U.S. isolationism. After the war ended, the nation did not withdraw from its role in international affairs, as it had done following World War I. Involvement in the war signaled the beginning of a global role for the United States that has continued to the present day. With the decision to support the United Nations and efforts to rebuild Europe, the nation became actively involved in international events. The U.S. had put an oil embargo on Japan. While the Japanese were planning their sneak attack, they had America tied down in peace talks. They launched their surprise attack on Pearl Harbor with the goal of knocking the U.S. out of commission long enough to take control of the Pacific. **Why was Pearl Harbor a turning point? (A) U.S. navy was destroyed (B) U.S. had to build a different type of military (C) ended U.S. isolationism by bring the U.S. into the war (D) brought the U.S. into the United Nations (E) all (F) none**

2. The United States rapidly increased its war production after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The expansion was possible in part because the government had already begun mobilizing the economy before the country entered the war. FDR had already begun a plan to build warplanes and a two-ocean navy after Germany's blitzkrieg movement through Europe in 1940. Aircraft became the biggest priority. Contracts were signed for aircraft, ships, and equipment. **Which military product was most needed? (A) ships (B) aircraft (C) tanks (D) guns (E) all (F) none**

3. Automobile factories shifted production to war goods. Henry Ford created an assembly line for the B-24 Liberator. Overall, the auto industry produced nearly 1/3 of all military equipment manufactured during the war. Henry Kaiser's shipyard build the famous Liberty ships when his construction business turned to shipbuilding. German submarines were sinking American cargo ships at a terrifying rate. The U.S. had to find a way to build cargo ships as quickly as possible. Kaiser believed that speed was more important than quality and that cost was less important than results. He spent whatever it took to get the job done quickly. To save time, he applied techniques from the construction industry to shipbuilding. Instead of building an entire ship in one place from the keel up, parts were prefabricated and brought to the shipyard for assembly. Kaiser's shipyards built many different kinds of ships, but they were best known for Liberty ships. The Liberty ship was the basic cargo ship used during the war. Liberty ships were welded instead of riveted. Although welded ships tended to crack. Vice Admiral Emory Land, head of the U.S. Maritime Commission, preferred the Liberty ships. When the war began, it took 244 days to build the first Liberty ship. After Kaiser shipyards applied their mass-production techniques, average production time dropped to 41 days. Kaiser's shipyards built 30% of all American ships constructed during the war, including nearly 3,000 Liberty ships. **What were Liberty ships? (A) ships build by Henry Kaiser's company (B) type of cargo ship (C) welded instead of riveted (D) ships built for with speed rather than quality was the goal (E) all (F) none**

4. More than 60,000 men enlisted in the month after the attack on Pearl Harbor. At first, the flood of recruits overwhelmed the army's training facilities. Many recruits had to live in tents rather than barracks. The army also experienced equipment shortages. Troops carried sticks representing guns, threw stones simulated grenades, and practiced maneuvers with trucks labeled "TANK." New recruits were initially sent to a reception center, where they were given physical exams and injections against smallpox and typhoid. The draftees were then issued uniforms, boots, and whatever equipment was available. The clothing bore the label "G.I.," meaning "Government Issue," which is why American soldiers were called GIs. After taking aptitude tests, recruits went to basic training for eight weeks. They learned how to handle weapons, load backpacks, read maps, pitch tents, and dig trenches. Trainees drilled and exercised constantly and learned how to work as a team. Basic training helped to break down barriers between soldiers. Recruits came from all over the country, and training together created a "special sense of kinship," as one soldier noted. **Why were U.S. soldiers called GIs? (A) everything was labeled "G.I." for "Government Issued" (B) they were "gifted individuals" (C) they were in the "grand infantry" (D) the government misspelled guys (E) all (F) none**

5. Many African American leaders combined patriotism with protest. in 1941, the National Urban League asked its members to encourage African Americans to join the war effort. It also asked them to make plans for building a better society in the U.S. after the war. The Double V Campaign was launched by a Pittsburgh newspaper, which supported double victory - over both Hitler's racism and racism at home. Under pressure from African-American leaders, FDR allowed African Americans to serve in combat. In 1941, the air force created its first African American unit. Pilots learned to fly in Tuskegee, Alabama and would become known as the Tuskegee Airmen. African Americans fought well and were vital to the victory in the war. This lead to Harry Truman desegregating the military in 1948 (the war was over). Women also joined the armed forces, as they had done during WWI. The army enlisted women for the first time, although, they did not serve in combat. The Women's Army Corps was established. Women served as nurses, mechanics, clerks, and other positions. **How did the status of women and blacks change in the armed forces? (A) got freedom (B) no discrimination (C) no change (D) each received more and new roles (E) all (F) none**

6. A few hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, the Japanese attacked American airfields in the Philippines. Two day slater, they landed troops. The American and Filipino forces on the Philippines were greatly outnumbered. Their commander, General Douglas MacArthur, retreated to the Bataan Peninsula. Using the peninsula's rugged terrain, the troops held out for more than three months. By March, in desperation, the troops ate cavalry horses and mules. The lack of food and supplies, along with diseases such as malaria, scurvy, and dysentery, took their tool. The women of the Army Nurse Corps worked on Bataan in primitive conditions. Patients slept in the open air. Realizing MacArthur's capture would demoralize the American people, President Roosevelt ordered the general to evacuate to Australia. MacArthur promised "I shall return." In April 1942, weary defenders of the Bataan Peninsula finally surrendered. Nearly 78,000 prisoners of war were forced to march - sick, exhausted, and starving - 65 miles to a Japanese prison camp. Almost, 10,000 troops died on this march, which was later called the Bataan Death March. Soldiers weren't allowed any food or water. Japanese soldiers would lead the soldiers to water, but wouldn't allow them to drink any - they'd even give the bayonet to the soldiers who rushed toward the water. **Who would be the American commander in the Pacific?**

7. **How did Japanese soldiers torture the captives in the Bataan Death March? (A) water boarded them (B) beat them (C) led them to wells to see water but not let them drink (D) sang songs in Japanese (E) all (F) none**

8. America was going to have to build a strong navy to defeat the Japanese in the Pacific. Numerous types of aircraft and naval ships were going to have to be built. The aircraft carrier was probably the most vital ship to fight the Japanese in the Pacific with all of the islands. Therefore, aircraft and soldiers could be transferred from island to island. They could also launch attacks from sea. They were instrumental in Admiral Chester Nimitz defeating the Japanese in the turning point battle in the Pacific, the Battle of Midway. **Which naval technology was vital to the war in the Pacific to reduce distance planes had to fly and therefore reduce fuel used? (A) Battleships (B) radar (C) Aircraft Carriers (D) Submarines (E) all (F) none**

9. Just as the Battle of Midway was a turning point in the war in the Pacific, so too were the battles of el Alamein in North Africa and Stalingrad in Europe's eastern front. The British victory over German General Rommel at El Alamein secured the Suez Canal and kept the Germans away from the oil resources of the Middle East. Germany's defeat at the Battle of Stalingrad was a major turning point by ending Hitler's plans to dominate Europe. **What was the turning point battle in North Africa? What was the turning point battle in Europe's eastern front?**

10. As American and British troops fought the Germany army in North Africa, the war against German submarines in the Atlantic Ocean intensified. After Germany declared war on the United States, German submarines entered American coastal waters. American cargo ships were easy targets, especially at night when the glow from the cities in the night sky silhouetted the vessels. To protect the ships, cities on the East Coast dimmed their lights every evening. People also put up special "blackout curtains" and if they had to drive at night did so with their headlights off. By August 1942, German submarines had sunk about 360 American ships along the east Coast. So many oil tankers were sunk that gasoline and fuel oil had to be rationed. To keep oil flowing, the government built the first long-distance oil pipeline, stretching some 1,250 miles from Texas to Pennsylvania. The loss of so many ships convinced the U.S. Navy to set up a convoy system. Under this system, cargo ships traveled in groups escorted by navy warships. The convoy system improved the situation dramatically. It made it much more difficult for a German submarine to torpedo a cargo ship and escape without being attacked. New technology included radar as well as sonar (detected subs) and depth charges (barrels of explosives that blew up from pressure as it got deeper and could blow up a sub). With the new technology, the Allies began to control the Atlantic, winning what was called the Battle of the Atlantic. **Why was the Battle of the Atlantic important?**

11. During the war, millions of Americans flocked to the cities to work in factories. Many immigrants stayed on after the war to become citizens. As a result, populations of Northern cities became more ethnically diverse and these cities remained more populous after the war. The growth of southern California and the expansion of cities in the Deep South created a new industrial region - called the Sunbelt. For the first time since the Industrial Revolution began in the U.S., the South and West led then way in manufacturing and urbanization. The Great Migration had brought numerous of African Americans to the North from the South for jobs, but it slowed during the Great Depression. During WWII, it began again. **The West and Deep South, called the S-- increased in population; the G M was a mass movement of African Americans in the South moving North for jobs.**

12. Can the government limit civil liberties in wartime? Consider the case //Korematsu v. United States//, 1944. During World War II, President Roosevelt's Executive Order #9066 and other legislation gave the military the power to exclude people of Japanese descent from areas that were deemed important to U.S. national defense and security. Such measures were taken due to fear of a Japanese invasion on the West Coast as well as fears of Japanese infiltration and spying. In 1942, Toyosaburo Korematsu refused to leave San Leandro, California, which had been designated as a "military area," based on Executive Order #9066. Korematsu was found guilty in federal district court of violating Civilian Executive Order No. 34. Korematsu petitioned the Supreme Court to review the federal court's decision. In a 6-3 decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the government was justified in time of "emergency and peril" to suspend citizens' civil rights. A request for a rehearing in 1945 was denied. **What is your position on this case?**

13. In 1942 President Roosevelt created the Office of War Information (OWI). It's role was to improve the public's understanding of the war and to act as a liaison officer with the various media. The OWI established detailed guidelines for filmmakers, including a set of questions to be considered before making a movie, such as "Will this picture help win the war?" Movies ranged from comedies with Donald Duck showing the horrors of Nazi life to serious movies like The Memphis Belle about the bombing in Germany. **How did Hollywood help in the war?**

14. The Allied invasion of North Africa in November 1942 had shown that a large-scale invasion from the sea was possible. The success of the landings convinced Roosevelt to meet again with Churchill to plan the next stage of the war. In January 1943, FDR headed to Casablanca, Morocco to meet the prime minister. At the Casablanca Conference, Roosevelt and Churchill agreed to step up the bombing of Germany. The goal of the new campaign was "the progressive destruction of the German military, industrial and economic system, and the undermining of the morale of the German people. The Allies also agreed to attack the Axis on the island of Sicily. Churchill called Italy the "soft underbelly" of Europe. He believed the Italians would surrender if their homeland was invaded. **What did FDR and Churchill agree on at the Casablanca Conference? (A) invade Germany (B) step up bombing Germany (C) invade North Africa (D) help the Russians (E) all (F) none**

15. Knowing that the Allies would most likely invade France by way of the English Channel, Hitler fortified the coast. The Allies did have the element of surprise since the Germans didn't know when or where the attack would take place. The Germans believed the Allies would land in Pas-de-Calais, the area of France closest to Britain. The Allies placed dummy equipment along the coast from Calais as decoys. The real target was to be further south, at five beaches covering a 60-mile spread along the Normandy coast. By the spring of 1944, more than 1.5 million American soldiers, 12,000 airplanes, and 5 million tons of equipment had been sent to England. Only one thing was left to do - pick the date for the invasion and give the command to go. The invasion had to begin at night to hide the ships crossing the English Channel. The ships had to arrive at low tide so that they could see the beach obstacles. The low tide had to come at dawn so that gunners bombarding the coast could see their targets. Paratroopers who would be dropped behind enemy lines before the main landing on the beaches needed a moonlit night to see where to land. Perhaps most important of all, the weather had to be good. A storm would ground the airplanes and high waves would swamp landing craft. The date of the invasion, come to be known as D-Day, took place June 6, 1944. General Eisenhower gave the final order: "O.K., we'll go." **What is the significance of June 6, 1944?**

16. The Navajo Code Talkers: When American marines stormed an enemy beach, they used radios to communicate. Using radios, however, meant that the Japanese could intercept and translate the messages. In the midst of the battle, however, there was no time to use a code machine. Acting upon the suggestions of Philip Johnston, an engineer who had lived on a Navajo reservation as a child, the marines recruited Navajo to serve as "code talkers." The Navajo language had no written alphabet and was known only to the Navajo and a few missionaries and anthropologists. The Navajo recruits developed code words, using their own language, that stood for military terms. For example, the Navajo word //jay-sho// or "buzzard" was code for bomber; //lotso// or "whale" meant battleship; //na-ma-si// or potatoes stood for grenades. Code talkers proved invaluable to combat. They could relay a message in minutes that would have taken a code machine longer since the operator would have to encipher and then transmit. More than 400 Navajo served in the marines as code talkers. Sworn to secrecy, their mission wasn't revealed until 1971. In 2001, the code talkers all received the Congressional Medal of Honor. **What advantage did the code talkers provide over traditional forms of communication?**

17. By 1943, the navy in the Pacific began its island hopping strategy. This plan meant that the navy would take over some islands and bypass others in order to isolate the ones that were bypassed since many of the coral atolls in the Pacific wouldn't allow landing craft easily for an invasion. **What was the name of the strategy the navy used to move along the Pacific towards Japan? I- H--**

18. Should America drop the Atomic bomb on Japan? Still today, people debate what some historians have called the most important event of the 20th century - President Truman's order to drop atomic bombs on Japan. Did his momentous decision shorten the war and save American lives, as Truman contended, or was it a barbaric and unnecessary show of superior military technology designed to keep the Soviet Union out of Japan? YES it was necessary - Harry S Truman: "//The world will note that the first atomic bomb was dropped on Hiroshima, a military base...If Japan does not surrender, bombs will have to be dropped on her war industries, and, unfortunately, thousands of civilian lives will be lost...Having found the bomb we have used it. We have used it against those who attacked us without warning at Pearl Harbor, against those who have starved and beaten and executed American prisoners of war, against those who have abandoned all pretense of obeying international laws of warfare. We have used it in order to shorten the agony of war, in order to save the lives of thousands and thousands of young Americans.//" NO it was not necessary - William Leahy (Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff): "//It is my opinion that the use of this barbarous weapon at Hiroshima and Nagasaki was of no material assistance in our war against Japan. The Japanese were already defeated and ready to surrender because of effective sea blockade and the successful bombing with conventional weapons. The lethal possibilities of atomic warfare in the future are frightening. My own feeling was that in being the first to use it, we had adopted an ethical standard common to the barbarians of the Dark Ages. I was not taught to make war in that fashion and wars cannot be won by destroying women and children."// It's important to note that Truman warned the Japanese leadership that they needed to surrender. They refused and based on previous battles in islands close to Japan, they were willing to fight to the death. Once the firs A-bomb was dropped, the Japanese still didn't surrender and instead called in their own atomic experts to see how long it would take them to get the same type of bomb.
 * Which side are you on? Why?**

19. The United Nations was the new international peacekeeping organization. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted by the United Nations on December 10, 1948: 1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. 3. Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person. 4. No one shall be held in slavery or servitude. 5. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. 7. All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal protection of the law. 11. Everyone charged with a penal offense has the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty. 13. Everyone has the right to freedom of movement... 16. Men and women...are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, during marriage and at its dissolution. 17. Everyone has the right to own property. 18. Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. 19. Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression. 20. everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association. 21. The will of the people...shall be expressed in periodic and genuine elections, which shall be by universal and equal suffrage. 23. Everyone has the right to work... 25. Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well being of himself and of his family... 26. Everyone has the right to an education...
 * Which 5 human rights do you feel are the 5 most important? Why?**

20. **What would be the new international organization to keep peace?**

21. Twenty-two leaders of Nazi Germany were prosecuted at the Nuremberg Trials. Most were found guilty. The purpose was to make the Nazi crimes international crimes that would never happen again. Similar trials were conducted in Japan. The Nuremberg trials focused on atrocities from the Holocaust. Supreme Court justice Robert Jackson was the chief U.S. prosecutor. Nuremberg was the symbolic capital of the Nazis. The Nuremberg Laws were passed here which stripped Jews of their citizenship. **Why were the Nuremberg Trials important?**

22. **What did the Nuremberg Laws do? (A) put Jews into concentration camps (B) set up trials of Nazi war criminals (C) began the Holocaust (D) stripped Jews of their citizenship (E) all (F) none**

23. In 1944, Eli Wiesel was taken to a concentration camp. In the excerpt below, he describes a move from one camp to another in 1944: "//The snow fell thickly. We were forbidden to sit down or even to move. The snow began to form a thick layer over our blankets. They brought us bread - the usual ration. We threw ourselves upon it. Someone had the idea of appeasing his thirst by eating the snow. Soon the others were imitating him. As we were not allowed to bend down, everyone took out his spoon and at the accumulated snow off his neighbor's back. A mouthful of bread and a spoonful of snow. The SS guards who were watching laughed at the spectacle.//" **How did prisoners in Wiesel's account try to quench their thirst and how did the guards react?**

24. Use the map below to answer the question:
 * Where were the extermination camps located? (A) Germany (B) USSR (C) Poland (D) France (E) all (F) none**

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