US_Ch2_homework-1

=**U.S. History 1850-Present Chapter 2 Homework #1**= Answer the following on notebook paper:

1. In his inaugural address on March 4, 1861, President Lincoln again promised not to interfere with slavery where it existed but insisted that "the Union of these States is perpetual." Lincoln also encouraged reconciliation: "In your hands, my dissatisfied countrymen, and not in mine is the momentous issue of civil war. The government will not assail you. You can have no conflict without yourselves being the aggressors...We must not be enemies. Thought passion may have strained, it must not break our bonds of affection." - from Lincoln's First Inaugural Address. In April, Lincoln announced that he intended to resupply Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor, one of the few federal military bases that Southerners had not already seized. Confederate President Jefferson Davis now faced a problem. To tolerate U.S. troops in the South's most vital Atlantic harbor seemed unacceptable for a sovereign nation. However, firing on the supply ship would undoubtedly provoke war. Davis decided to demand the surrender of Fort Sumter before the supply ship arrived. The fort's commander, Major Robert Anderson, refused. Confederate forces then bombarded Fort Sumter for 33 hours on April 12 and 13, until Anderson and his exhausted men gave up. No one had been killed, but the Civil War had begun. **How did the war break out? (A) Lincoln was elected (B) the North invaded the South (C) the South fired on Fort Sumter (D) the Wilmot Proviso passed (E) all (F) none**

2. After the fall of Fort Sumter, President Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to serve 90 day enlistments to suppress the open rebellion. This created a problem in the Upper South, which didn't want to secede, but didn't want to take up arms against fellow Southerners. In the end, four more states - Virginia, Arkansas, North Carolina, and Tennessee - joined the other 7 states in the Confederacy. The Confederate Congress made Richmond, VA the capital. Lincoln could not afford to lose the border states as well. He particularly worried about Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland (Delaware seemed safe). If Maryland seceded, then Washington D.C. would be surrounded by Confederate territory. To prevent Maryland's secession, Lincoln imposed martial law - military rule - in Baltimore, where angry mobs had already attacked federal troops. Although many 0people objected to this suspension of their rights, Maryland stayed in the Union, as those who were going to vote to secede were arrested and held. Kentucky initially declared neutrality in the conflict, but when Confederate troops occupied part of Kentucky, the state declared war on the Confederacy. Lincoln sent troops to help and was committed to holding onto Kentucky. Missouri voted to stay part of the Union. The case in Maryland saw Lincoln suspend the writ of habeas corpus. Habeas corpus means a person can't be arrested without a court order. Chief Justice Robert Taney said this was unconstitutional. Lincoln responded by asking Taney how he planned to enforce it. **Why was it necessary for Lincoln to take emergency measures to hold Maryland?**

3. Use the graph to answer the following:
 * What was the greatest advantage the North had over the South? (A) iron production (B) manufactured goods (C) railroad mileage (D) population (E) all (F) none**
 * Which do you think was the most important advantage for the Union to win the war? Why?**

4. President Lincoln had to deal with politics when he came into office. Republicans wanted to end slavery, but Lincoln had to contend with War Democrats, who wanted to preserve the Union, but not free the slaves while Peace Democrats wanted to negotiate instead of fighting. The suspension of the writ of habeas corpus gave Lincoln's opponents in the North ammo against him. Although the South had no organized opposition to Jefferson Davis, the Confederate president also faced political problems. The Confederate constitution protected states' rights and limited the central government's power. This interfered with Davis's ability to conduct the war. Some Southern leaders opposed Davis when he supported conscription (the draft) and established martial law early in 1862. They also opposed the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus, which Davis used as Lincoln did. **How did Southern states' rights hurt the Southern government? (A) some states refused to fight (B) some states wouldn't allow their slaves to fight (C) lack of a strong central government meant lack of a coordinated strategy (D) they didn't believe in states' rights anymore (E) all (F) none**

Civil War Technology (use the following information for questions 5-8): Military conflict often leads to the use of new technologies. The Civil War was no exception. New weapons, ships, and means of communication greatly changed the nature of warfare. __Conoidal bullets__: These new bullets made gunfire more accurate at greater ranges and increased the number of casualties.

__Telegraph__: Invented before the war and allowed generals to learn the results of battles almost immediately and change their strategy and give new orders quickly. Lincoln spent a lot of time at the telegraph office awaiting word from the field. He liked this new instant communication! __Balloons__: The Civil War marked the first time aerial reconnaissance was used in the war. Both sides used balloons to observe enemy troops. __Ironclads__: To operate on enemy rivers and coast lines guarded by short-based cannons, both sides built armor-plated steamships. Ironclads marked the beginning of the shift from wooden ships to steel ships.

5. **What was used for the first time for surveillance? (A) the telescope (B) cavalry (C) balloons (D) air plane (E) all (F) none**

6. **What changed in technology that led to more casualties since tactics didn't change? (A) conoidal bullets that increased range and accuracy (B) surprise attacks by submarines (C) sharper bayonets (D) cannon fire (E) all (F) none**

7. **How would the Civil War change the future of navies? (A) submarines (B) naval cannons (C) anti-aircraft (D) iron replaced wood (E) all (F) none**

8. **What invention would improve communication? (A) the telegraph (B) the telephone (C) postal service (D) email (E) all (F) none**

9. The outbreak of the Civil War put the major governments of Europe in a difficult situation. The Union government did not want the Europeans interfering in the war, but Southern leaders wanted them to recognize the Confederacy and provide it with military aid. Southern leaders knew European textile factories depended on Southern cotton. To pressure the British and French, many Southern planters agreed to stop selling their cotton to these markets until the Europeans recognized the Confederacy. Despite these efforts, both countries chose not to go to war against the United States. **Why was foreign recognition an issue for the North and the South?**

10. In terms of Southern strategy, Jefferson Davis imagined a struggle similar to the Revolutionary War in which Southern generals would choose their battles carefully, attacking and retreating when necessary to avoid heavy losses. By waging a defensive war of attrition, Davis believed the South could force the Union to spend its resources until it became tired of the war and agreed to negotiate. The original Union plan was the Anaconda Plan. The general-in-chief of the U.S. Winfield Scott suggested that the Union blockade Confederate posts and send gunboats down the Mississippi River to divide the Confederacy in two. The South, thus separated, would gradually run out of resources and surrender. Many Northerners rejected the strategy, which they called the Anaconda Plan, after a snake that slowly strangles its prey to death. They thought it was too slow and indirect for certain victory. Lincoln eventually agreed to implement Scott's suggestions and imposed a blockade of Southern ports. He and other Union leaders realized that only a long war that focused on destroying the South's armies had any chance of success. **Who developed the Anaconda Plan and what did it suggest?**

11. After successes against the Union, both Confederate President Jefferson Davis and General Robert E. Lee believed that an invasion would convince the North to accept the South's independence. They also thought that a victory on Northern soil might help the South win recognition from the British and help the Peace Democrats gain control of Congress in the upcoming elections. Lee could also feed his troops from northern farms and draw Union troops out of Virginia during harvest season. On September 17, 1862, Lee's forces met Union troops under the command of General George B. McClellan at Antietam Creek. McClellan couldn't break Lee's line, but did inflict enough casualties that Lee retreated back into Virginia. The Battle of Antietam was a crucial victory for the Union. The British government had been ready to intervene in the war as a mediator if Lee's invasion had succeeded. Britain also had begun making plans to recognize the Confederacy should the North reject mediation. Now the British decided to wait and see how the war progressed. With the decision, the South lost its best chance of gaining international recognition and support. The South's defeat at Antietam had an even more important political impact in the U.S. It convinced Lincoln that the time had come to end slavery in the South. As a result, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which freed the slaves in the South. **Why was Antietam a turning point battle? (A) the South didn't win another battle (B) Lee surrendered (C) secured the border states (D) Emancipation Proclamation was able to be issued (E) all (F) none**

12. As the war intensified, the economies of the North and South went in different directions. By the end of 1862, the South's economy had begun to suffer greatly. The collapse of its transportation system and the presence of Union troops in several important agricultural regions, led to severe food shortages in the winter of 1862. In several communities, food shortages led to riots. Hearing of such hardships, many Confederate soldiers deserted to return home to help their families. In contrast, the North experienced an economic boom because of the war. Both Union and Confederate soldiers endured a hard life with few comforts. They faced the constant threat of disease and extreme medical procedures if wounded in battle. African Americans were starting to see new opportunities after the Emancipation Proclamation. Women helped in the war effort at home by managing family farms and businesses. Perhaps the most important contribution to the Civil War was serving as nurses. One of the most prominent nurses was Clara Barton, who left her job in a Washington patent office to aid soldiers on the battlefield. **She would even help begin the American Red Cross. Who aided soldiers on the battlefield as a nurse?**

13. Gaining control of the Mississippi River was a vital element of the Union strategy for winning the Civil War. If the Union could capture Vicksburg, Mississippi, the last major Confederate stronghold on the river, then the North could cut the South in two. In May 1863, General Ulysses S. Grant launched two assaults on Vicksburg, but the city's defenders repulsed both attacks and inflicted high casualties. Grant, therefore, decided to lay siege, or cut off Vicksburg's food and supplies and bombard it until its defenders gave up. On July 4, 1863, with his troops starving, the Confederate commander at Vicksburg surrendered. **Why was Grant's victory at Vicksburg significant for the Union to win the war?**

14. Meanwhile, in Virginia, Robert E. lee had been able to defeat Union forces at Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville. Emboldened by these victories, Lee decided in June 1863 to launch another invasion of the North. At the end of June, as Lee's army foraged in the Pennsylvania countryside, some of his troops headed into Gettysburg, hoping to seize a supply of shoes. When they arrived near the town, they discovered two brigades of Union cavalry. On July 1, 1863, as Confederates pushed the Union troops out of the town, the main forces of both armies hurried to the scene of the fighting. On July 2, 1863 Lee attacked, but the Union troops held their ground. The following day (July 3, 1863), Lee ordered nearly 15,000 men under the command of General James Longstreet to make a massive assault with General George Pickett's division being the main force, which led the name of the charge to become known as Pickett's Charge. This charge failed to break the Union line. Lee had to retreat back into Virginia July 4 (same day Vicksburg fell). Gettysburg proved to be the turning point of the war. The Union's victory strengthened the Republicans politically and ensured once again that the British would not recognize the Confederacy. Furthermore, Lee's forces remained on the defensive for the rest of the war slowing giving ground to the advancing Union army. **Why was Gettysburg a turning point?**

15. After the Union's major victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg, fierce fighting erupted in Tennessee near Chattanooga, which was a vital railroad junction. Both sides knew that if the Union forces captured Chattanooga, they would control a major railroad running south to Atlanta. Following several battles, Union forces under the command of Grant succeeded in scattering the Confederate soldiers who blocked the way to the city. By the spring of 1864, Grant's capture of Vicksburg had given the Union control of the Mississippi River, while his victory at Chattanooga had secured eastern Tennessee and cleared the way for an invasion of Georgia. Lincoln rewarded Grant by appointing him general in chief of the Union forces and promoting him to lieutenant general, a rank no one had held since George Washington. The president had finally found a general he trusted to win the war. **Which victory by Grant secured Tennessee and would allow Union soldiers to go into Georgia and the Deep South? (A) Shiloh (B) Vicksburg (C) Gettysburg (D) Chattanooga (E) all (F) none**

16. The following is the Gettysburg Address by Abraham Lincoln November 19, 1863: "Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead who struggled here have consecrated it far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us--that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion--that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation under God shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people shall not perish from the earth."
 * To what event is Lincoln referring that occurred "four score and seven years ago?" The D-- of I---**

17. "Whatever happens, there will be no turning back," Grant promised Lincoln. He was determined to march southward, attacking Lee's forces relentlessly, regardless of the cost, until the South surrendered. Grant kept his forces on the move and gave Lee's troops no time to recover. he attacked them first in the Wilderness, a densely forested area near Fredericksburg, Virginia, then at Spotsylvania Courthouse, then at Cold Harbor, a strategic crossroads northeast of Richmond. He then put the town of Petersburg under siege knowing that once it fell, Richmond, Virginia, would be cut off from supplies. How did strategy change under Grant? (A) defensive (B) attack Southern troops relentlessly and make life difficult for civilians (C) take Richmond (D) free the slaves (E) all (F) none

18. General Grant sent General William Tecumseh Sherman through the Deep South to capture Atlanta, march to the coastline, and then go northward. Once Atlanta was captured, Northern support for the war and Lincoln was revitalized and secured Lincoln's re-election against George B. McClellan in 1864. Lincoln interpreted his re-election as a mandate to end slavery permanently by amending the Constitution. On January 31, 1865, with the help of Democrats opposed to slavery, the Republicans began the 13th amendment to the Constitution, banning slavery in the U.S. as it got sent to the states for ratification. **What did the 13th amendment do?**

19. How did geography shape the Battle of Gettysburg? The Union line stretched from Culp's Hill and Cemetery Hill in the north, south along Cemetery Ridge to another hill called Little Round Top. the Union forces controlled the high ground and were deployed in such a way that troops could easily be moved from one part of the line to another depending on where the enemy attacked. On July 2, Lee tried to seize Little Round Top. Controlling the hill would have let his artillery fire down the length of the Union line. After savage fighting, his attack was repulsed, but Lee believed the Union had shifted so many troops south to hold Little Round top that it had left its line on Cemetery Ridge vulnerable to attack. On July 3, Lee ordered Pickett's Charge. The distance between Seminary Ridge and the higher Cemetery Ridge was about a mile. Union artillery ripped holes in the Confederate line as it advanced. When the Confederates neared the crest of the ridge, Union troops, protected by trenches and barricades they had built, unleashed volley after volley. Firing at point-blank range, stabbing with bayonets, and battering with rifle butts, the Union soldiers drove the Confederates back. Lee knew he had been beaten. The next day he began his retreat to Virginia.
 * Why was the Union position at Gettysburg strong?**

20. **Why would Pickett's Charge be difficult but why did Lee think it would succeed?**

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