US_Ch12_Homework-1

=**U.S. History Chapter 12 Homework #1**= Answer the following on notebook paper:

1. The nation's economic troubles began in the mid-1960s when President Johnson increased federal deficit spending to fund both the Vietnam War and the Great Society programs without seeing revenue increase. This spending spurred inflation by pumping larger amounts of money into the economy. The next blow to the economy came in the early 1970s when the price of oil began to rise. By 1970, the U.S. had become dependent on oil imports from the Middle East and Africa. This was not a problem as long as prices remained low, but in 1973, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), a cartel dominated by Arab countries, decided to use oil as a political weapon. In 1973 a war erupted between Israel and its Arab neighbors. OPEC announced that its members would place an embargo on, or prohibit the shipment of, petroleum to countries that supported Israel. OPEC also raised the price of crude oil by 70%, and then by another 130% a few months later. Oil and gas prices rose and contributed to the recession. OPEC's embargo caused long lines at gas stations and caused inflation to accelerate rapidly. The U.S. government responded by imposing price controls. It severely decreased supply and increased prices. **How did OPEC begin an oil crisis? (A) attacked Israel (B) increased the price of gas (C) cut shipping to nations that supported Israel (D) encouraged terrorism (E) all (F) none**

2. **How did the oil crisis effect the American consumers? (A) high gas prices and long lines due to shortage (B) hatred for Arab nations (C) began war on terror (D) goods using alternative sources of energy went on the market (E) all (F) none**

3. By 1975, the U.S. economy was in the worst recession since the Great Depression with inflation and high unemployment. President Gerald Ford announced a plan called WIN - Whip Inflation Now. He urged Americans to reduce their use of oil and gas, and take steps to conserve energy. The plan had little impact on the economic situation. The president then began cutting government spending and urged the Federal Reserve to raise interest rates to curb inflation. He also sought to balance the budget and keep taxes low. **What was the major economic problem facing the Ford Administration? (A) unemployment (B) high taxes (C) jobs sent overseas (D) inflation (E) all (F) none**

4. When Jimmy Carter became president, he faced a struggling economic and energy problems and those problems got worse by the end of his presidency. At first he tried to end the recession and reduce unemployment by increasing government spending and cutting taxes. However, inflation surged and so he tried to reduce the money supply and raised interest rates. It didn't work. However, Carter believed the nation's most serious problem was its dependence on foreign oil. He proposed a national energy program to conserve oil and to promote the use of coal and renewable energy sources such as solar power. He also convinced Congress to create a Department of Energy (since there was the fear that the nation was running low on natural gas) and he also asked Americans to reduce their energy consumption. Carter claimed to support deregulation of businesses to encourage looking for new sources of oil but also insisted on taxing them as well which defeats the purpose. In the summer of 1979, a second major fuel shortage deepened the nation's economic problems. On TV, Carter said there was a "crisis of confidence" that had struck "at the very heart and soul of our national will." The address became known as the "malaise" speech, and many Americans felt Carter was blaming the people for his failures. **How did Carter show concern on energy? (A) began the Energy Department (B) urged people to conserve (C) urged solar energy (D) wanted a national program (E) all (F) none**

5. During his administration, Jimmy Carter faced a number of challenges in the Middle East. His foreign policy there met with mixed success. In 1978, Carter helped negotiate a peace treaty between Egypt and Israel. Egyptian president Anwar al-Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin signed the peace agreement. Problems arose, however, in 1979 when the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini led a revolution in Iran and took Americans hostage. Carter's inability to negotiate their release hurt his re-election attempt and he lost in 1980. Also, in 1980, the Soviets invaded Afghanistan to keep Communism from collapsing, which shattered détente and Carter imposed a grain embargo, but that didn't force the Soviets to pull back. **What event most damaged Carter's administration? (A) Camp David Accords (B) Iran hostage crisis (C) Russians invaded Afghanistan (D) oil crisis (E) all (F) none**

6. To solve the problem that many schools hadn't desegregated, state courts began ordering local governments to bus children to schools outside their neighborhoods to achieve greater racial balance. The practice led to protests and even riots in several white communities even in the North. The Supreme Court, however, upheld the constitutionality of busing in //Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education// in 1971. In response, many whites took their children out of public school or moved to a district where busing had not been imposed. **What new method was approved to help schools desegregate? (A) busing (B) build new schools (C) allow individual districts to create their own timeline on desegregation (D) allow some not to (E) all (F) none**

7. Affirmative action referred to policies to "level the playing field" in which government jobs and college admissions would give priorities to groups that had faced discrimination in the past. Some critics viewed this as reverse discrimination since whites would be passed over. Affirmative action was addressed by the Supreme Court in 1978. Alan Bakke was twice passed over for medical school since the open slots left were only open for minorities. Bakke had better scores than those who got in due to affirmative action. He therefore sued. In //University of California Regents v. Bakke//, the Supreme Court ruled that the school violated Bakke's civil rights even though Bakke was white and ruled that race can be part of a criteria for hiring and college admissions, but can't be the sole criteria. **Do you agree or disagree with the results of the Bakke case? Why?**

8. Environmentalism as a movement started when awareness grew of the dangers of pesticides and insecticides on the environment, specifically DDT. The person who helped trigger this new movement was not a political leader or prominent academic, but a soft-spoken marine biologist named Rachel Carson. Carson wrote //Silent Spring// in 1962 on the dangers of pesticides and insecticides on the environment. She contended that while pesticides curbed insect populations, they also killed birds, fish, and other creatures that might ingest them. The chemical industry was outraged and spoke out on behalf of their products. However, many believed Carson's warnings and environmentalism grew. Pollution and smog were also brought into environmental concerns. Earth Day began in April 1970 to bring environmental concerns to the public's attention. The Audubon Society and Sierra Club were major environmental groups that were against any industrial use of the land or resources. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was set up to regulate environmental laws. This is the agency today that has overstepped its authority and has begun setting major regulations against the oil and coal industries. The Clean Air Act (over Nixon's veto) set emissions standards and the Clean Water Act dealt with rivers and lakes. The Endangered Species Act passed in 1973 protecting threatened animals and species (yet in that same year, the Supreme Court ruled that abortion was okay). **What began the environmental movement? (A) smog (B) oil crisis (C) Rachel Carson and //Silent Spring// (D) DDT (E) all (F) none**

9. **Which new government agency would set environmental regulations? (A) Sierra Club (B) EPA (C) FDA (D) DDT (E) all (F) none**

10. During the 1970s, a number of citizens also became concerned about the use of nuclear reactors to generate electricity. As nuclear power plants began to dot the nation's landscape, the debate over their use intensified. Supporters of nuclear energy hailed it as a cleaner and less expensive alternative to fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, and natural gas, which are in limited supply. Opponents warned of the risks of nuclear energy posed, particularly the devastating consequences of an accidental radiation release into the air. The debate gained national attention in a shocking fashion in 1979. In the early hours of March 28, one of the reactors at Three Mile Island in Harrisburg, PA overheated after its cooling system failed. Two days later, as plant officials scrambled to fix the problem, low levels of radiation escaped from the reactor. Panic led to city evacuations and protests grew against nuclear energy due to the scare of this meltdown. However, panic turned out to be the only problem as no one was injured or killed. However, there was fear of expanding nuclear energy in the U.S. There has not been another incident still to this day. **What took place at Three Mile Island? (A) nuclear meltdown (B) oil spill (C) coal mine cave in (D) natural gas found (E) all (F) none**

11. There started to be more of a divide between liberals and conservatives. Liberals generally favor more government involvement in business and bigger government in general. Liberals favor more taxes to develop social programs for those with low income and claim to be protecting people from corporations and wealthy elites. Conservatives favor less government involvement in the lives of individuals and favor more of the free market system with businesses. They favor lower taxes to enable businesses to grow and hire. The first cartoon is an anti-liberal cartoon. Liberals favor higher taxes on those who earn more to redistribute through social program to those who don't, won't, or can't work. The second cartoon is an anti-conservative cartoon since liberals say conservative ideas of tax cuts would hurt the lower income since there would be less social programs even though some abuse the system.
 * Which ideology favors bigger government? Which favors smaller government?**

12. **What does the cartoon on the left say about the liberal goal? (A) fair tax (B) bigger government (C) redistribution of wealth (D) they like Halloween (E) all (F) none**

13. One of the problems facing conservatives in the 1950s and 1960s was that there vote was split between Republicans and Democrats. Conservatives in the South often voted Democrat while conservatives in West voted more Republican. The Northeast still dominated with population and liberalism was higher in the Northeast, which had pulling both parties more toward liberal viewpoints. This pattern first began to change in WWII when large numbers of Americans moved south and west to take jobs in war factories that had moved to this region, the Sunbelt. This trend continued after the war. As the Sunbelt's economy expanded, Americans in that region began to view the government differently than those in the Northeast, and were gaining political power due to increasing population to demand smaller and less intrusive government. **Which part of the country was seeing a major population increase? (A) Northeast Rust Belt (B) Deep South Bible Belt (C) South and West Sunbelt (D) Intercontinental Belt (E) all (F) none**

14. The conservative and liberal movements also saw a divide in the area of faith. The liberal movement began to grow more secular in its beliefs while the conservative movement grew more religious in its beliefs, becoming closer to the ideas of the founders. After WWII, a religious revival began in the U.S. among Protestant evangelicals with such leaders as Billy Graham and Oral Roberts. Television in particular allowed evangelical ministers to reach a large nationwide audience. These "televangelists," as they were soon called, included Marion "Pat" Robertson, who founded the Christian Broadcasting Network, and Jerry Falwell, who used his television show //The Old-Time Gospel Hour// to found a movement that he called the Moral Majority, which built a network of ministers and registered 2 million new voters. **Bill Graham, Jerry Falwell, and Pat Robertson made a positive impact in the U.S. by promoting (A) secular values (B) Christianity (C) Progressivism (D) Socialism (E) all (F) none**

15. Are tax cuts good for the economy? This debate came up again in the 1980s. Ronald Reagan believed that government regulation of the economy was harmful and that taxes should be as low as possible to promote private spending and investment. During the 1984 presidential campaign, Reagan ran against Jimmy Carter's Vice President Walter Mondale. Reagan favored lower taxes while Mondale favored higher taxes. YES tax cuts are good - Ronald Reagan: "//...The plan that we have had and that we are following is a plan that is based on growth in the economy...Our tax cut, we think, was very instrumental in bringing about this economic recovery. ...So, we believe that as we continue to reduce the level of government spending...and, at the same time, as the growth in the economy increases, the revenues the government gets, without raising taxes, those two lines will meet...The deficit is the result of excessive government spending...I don't believe that Mr. Mondale has a plan for balancing the budget; he has a plan for raising taxes...And for the five years previous to our taking office, taxes doubled in the United states, and the budgets increased $318 billion. So, there is no ratio between taxing and balancing a budget.//" NO tax cuts are not good - Walter Mondale: "//...Even with historically high levels of economic growth, we will suffer a $263 billion deficit...real interest rates - the real cost of interest - will remain very, very high, and many economists are predicting that we're moving into a period of very slow growth...I proposed over a hundred billion dollars in cuts in federal spending over four years...the rate of defense spending increase can be slowed...//" Mondale was willing to raise taxes. This hurt his chances of winning, but the Reagan economy was booming.
 * Which side do you agree with? Why?**

16. By 1984, the United States had begun the biggest economic expansion in its history up to that time. The median income of families climbed steadily, rising 15% by 1989. Five million new businesses and 20 million new jobs were created. By 1988, unemployment had fallen to 5.5%, the lowest in 14 years. **How did Reagan's economic plan prove successful?**

17. As part of the military buildup, Reagan decided to place nuclear missiles in Western Europe to counter Soviet missiles in Eastern Europe. This decision triggered a new peace movement. Reagan offered to cancel his program if the Soviets removed theirs. He also suggested to cut their numbers of missiles in half. The Soviets refused. Reagan believed that mutual assured destructions (the belief that as long as the two superpowers had the ability to destroy each other they'd be afraid to use that ability) was immoral. He also knew there needed to be a way to defend America. He began to set up his Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), nicknamed "Star Wars," which called for the development of weapons that could intercept and destroy incoming missiles using satellites. The Soviets knew that America had grown in the area of technology and fear that this was a distinct possibility. This concept was developed in terms of using missiles to shoot down enemy missiles in the Persian Gulf War of 1990. U.S. Patriot missiles would be launched from the ground and hit the Iraqi SCUD missiles out of the sky. **Reagan's plan to have weapons to destroy incoming missiles was (A) Reaganomics (B) Strategic Defense Initiative (C) Patriot missile program (D) Reagan Doctrine (E) all (F) none**

18. In addition to the booming real-estate market led by Donald Trump and the booming stock market, the economy of the 1980s witnessed a revolution in retail sales. Several entrepreneurs pioneered a new approach to retailing - or selling goods to consumers - that greatly reduced prices for Americans. This new type of retailing, known as discount retailing, had actually begun to emerge in the 1960s - but it did not have a major impact on the economy until the 1980s. Discount retailers sell large quantities of goods at very low prices, trying to sell the goods quickly to turn over their entire inventory in a short period of time. By selling a lot of products at very low prices, they could make more money than traditional retailers who sold fewer products at higher prices. During the 1960s many new discount retail chains were founded led by Sam Walton and Wal Mart. K-Mart, Woolco, and Target were all founded in that decade. Walton developed a system of distribution centers to rapidly re-supply his stores. He was one of the first retailers to use a computer database to set up a "scoreboard" or way to track the movement of merchandise at each of his stores. Others copied Walton, like Arthur Blank with Home Depot, which was a chain of home improvement stores. Richard Schulze, a former air force officer used his technical training to start Best Buy in 1983. Dozens of other entrepreneurs started discount stores in other industries. Their innovation created millions of new jobs in the 1980s and helped fuel the era's rapid economic growth. **Who became the most successful in discount retailing? (A) Arthur Blank and Home Depot (B) Richard Schulze and Best Buy (C) Sam Walton and Wal Mart (D) Kris Kringle and K-Mart (E) all (F) none**

19. The news and entertainment industry transformed as well. Until the late 1970s, television viewers were limited to three national networks, local stations, and the public television network. In 1970, a businessman named Ted Turner bought a failing TV station in Atlanta and pioneered a new type of broadcasting. He created WTBS in 1975, the first "superstation" - a television station that sold low-cost sports and entertainment programs via satellite to cable companies throughout the nation. This sparked the rise of cable TV and other stations like ESPN that focused on sports, CNN, which was the first 24-hour news station, BET, or Black Entertainment Television, MTV, or music videos on TV, which is where many saw Michael Jackson's Thriller video giving rise to pop rock music. The Sony Walkman was developed, which allowed people to play music on cassettes anywhere. VCRs grew as did the Atari game system for video games. **How was entertainment changing in the 1980s?**

20. Social programs were targeted by different groups in the 1980s. Nancy Reagan set up the "Just Say No" campaign and slogan to battle drugs. Drug use had spread to small towns and rural areas and she wanted to curb this problem. Schools began searching student bags and lockers to find concealed drugs, which was upheld by the Supreme Court in //New Jersey v. T.L.O.// Mothers Against Drunk Driving, or MADD also started in the 1980s and looked to stop underage drinking and DUI accidents and fatalities. The legal drinking age was increased to 21. AIDS awareness grew in the 1980s as AIDS and HIV became a problem the public was made more aware of. **What did Nancy Reagan push for as first lady? (A) Just Say No to drugs (B) cut drunk driving (C) fight the new AIDS epidemic (D) fight drugs by searches in schools (E) all (F) none**

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