US_Ch7_Homework-1

=**U.S. History Chapter 7 Homework #1**= Answer the following questions on notebook paper.

1. Use the political cartoon to answer the question
 * Why are the politicians running? (A) They don't want to be hurt by the scandal (B) They were part of the scandal (C) they are trying to warn the White House about the scandal (D) They are leading the scandal to the White House (E) all (F) none**

2. Use the chart below to answer the question:
 * What does the budget graph show about government spending under Harding and Coolidge? (A) increased (B) kept the same (C) decreased (D) ended altogether (E) all (F) none**

3. Check out the following charts in terms of income tax receipts. You'll notice that the amount of money that came into the federal government in tax revenue increased by the end of the decade. Remember, too, that both Harding and Coolidge DECREASED the income tax rate for everyone - this means that everyone, rich and poor, had to pay a lower rate of income tax. The numbers below are estimates.
 * Harding and (especially) Coolidge lowered the tax rates. Looking at the estimated statistics, what does the data show? (A) the government continued to bring in less money due to tax cuts (B) there was no change (C) more money started to come in due to incentive for businesses to hire and grow (D) the government went broke (E) all (F) none**

4. President Harding had appointed several people to key government positions who turned out to be corrupt, but Harding also appointed some very qualified people to key positions. For example, Harding appointed Herbert Hoover to be his Secretary of Commerce. Hoover looked to promote economic growth and tried to balance government regulation, unlike the Progressives who aimed to control businesses. His philosophy was cooperative individualism, which involved encouraging businesses to form trade associations that would voluntarily share information with the federal government. Harding also appointed Andrew Mellon (from Pittsburgh) to be his Secretary of the Treasury. Mellon wondered why the federal government didn't see much more revenue when Wilson hiked income taxes to over 70% on the wealthiest. Mellon also wanted to balance the budget, reduce the government's debt, and cut taxes, since he saw that Wilson's major tax increases didn't bring in more revenue. Mellon convinced Congress to pass the Bureau of the Budget and the General Accounting Office to track spending. Mellon argued that high tax rates actually reduced the amount of tax money the government collected. If taxes were lower, businesses and consumers would spend and invest their extra money, causing the economy to grow. As the economy grew, Americans would earn more money, and the government would actually collect more taxes at a lower rate than it would if it kept tax rates high. This idea today is called supply-side economics, or "trickle-down economics." Tax cuts works best when government also cuts the budget to balance spending and revenue. Evidence is shown in the charts above. **Who was the brains behind the Harding and Coolidge tax cuts that led to prosperity? (A) Herbert Hoover (B) Albert Fall (C) William Jennings Bryan (D) Andrew Mellon (E) all (F) none**

5. America's former allies had difficulty making the payments on their immense war debts. High American tariffs hampered their economic recovery by making it difficult to sell their products in the U.S. This meant they cold not acquire the money to pay off their war debts. These countries also were receiving reparations - huge cash payments Germany was required to make as punishment for starting the war. These payments, however, were crippling the German economy. It was vital for the U.S. that European economies be healthy so that the Europeans could buy American exports and repay their debts. Thus, in 1924, American diplomat Charles G. Dawes negotiated an agreement with France, Britain, and Germany by which American banks would make loans to Germany that would enable it to make reparations payments. In exchange, Britain and France would accept less in reparations and pay back more on their war debts. **How did the Dawes Plan ease tensions in Europe? (A) made war illegal (B) lowered tariffs (C) U.S. would loan money to Germany for reparations (D) free trade (E) all (F) none**

6. Despite their debts, the major power were involved in a costly postwar naval arms race. To end the weapons race, the U.S. invited representatives from eight major countries - Great Britain, France, Italy, China, Japan, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Portugal - to Washington D.C., to discuss disarmament. The Washington Conference opened in November of 1921. In his address to the delegates, Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes proposed a 10-year moratorium, or halt, on the construction of new warships. He also proposed a list of warships in each country's navy to be destroyed, beginning with some American battleships. The discussions then produced the Five Power Treaty in which the U.S., Britain, France, Italy, and Japan formalized Hughes's proposal. As a long-term effort to prevent war, the conference had some serious shortcomings. It did nothing to limit land forces and in terms of the navies, it didn't prevent what would become a more powerful naval weapon that they didn't have in WWI - Aircraft Carriers. It also angered Japan because it required Japan to maintain a smaller navy than the U.S. and Britain. It did, however, give Americans cause to look forward to a period of peace, recovery, and prosperity. **What resulted from the Washington Conference? (A) naval arms limitation in the Five Power Treaty (B) U.S. would help pay reparations (C) lowered world spending (D) nothing (E) all (F) none**

7. The apparent success of the Washington Conference boosted hopes that written agreements could end war altogether. Perhaps the highest expression of that idea occurred when U.S. Secretary of State Frank Kellogg and French Foreign Minister Aristide Briand proposed a treaty to outlaw war. On August 27, 1928, the U.S. and 14 other nations signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact. Although it had no binding force, the pact was hailed as a victory for peace. It stated that all signing nations agreed to abandon war and to settle all disputes by peaceful means. **What did the Kellogg-Briand Pact do? (A) arrested those who led the world into WWI (B) paid Germany's reparations (C) lowered world spending (D) abandoned war as policy (E) all (F) none**

8. Many industries that were needed to build cars prospered. Car manufacturers needed steel for the car body, glass for windows, and rubber for the tires. The automobile also led to changes in society. People moved to the suburbs, but were less isolated from the benefits of the city. At the same time, there was a decline in mass transportation such as railroads and trolleys. Cars allowed people greater mobility and freedom. Picnics became more common. Cars allowed people to live outside of the city and then commute to jobs in the city. Cars greatly increased the demand for oil, leading to a boom in the oil business. To keep cars refueled, roadside gas stations sprang up across the country. The auto industry spurred a boom in other industries as well, such as Good Year Tire and Rubber. **How did the automobile help other industries grow and which industries grew?**

9. **How did the automobile change people's lives?**

10. The technology of the 1920s changed the way many people lived. Applying electric motors to items such as washers, dryers, food mixers, and refrigerators revolutionized household tasks. Improved technology helped raise many Americans' standard of living. The moving assembly line and standardized parts made auto assembly fast, efficient, and cheap. As a result, most Americans could afford to buy a car. New electrical appliances changed life for the growing middle class that could afford them. Refrigerators made it practical to buy and store larger quantities of food. The electric washer with a hand wringer and the vacuum cleaner saved time. The aviation industry developed quickly after the Wright brothers' first successful flight in 1903. Passenger airlines were growing in the 1920s. Commercial radio grew rapidly in the 1920s. It helped create a national communist as people across the country could listen to the same music, sports, news, and entertainment programs. **What new machines saved labor and time?**

11. **How do you think the assembly line would reduce prices?**

12. **What electric appliances saved time and labor?**

13. **What were the changes in transportation and communication?**

14. Everyone's standard of living improved in the 1920s. Industrial workers also had more disposable income, partly due to rising wages and partly because many corporations introduced what came to be called welfare capitalism. Companies allowed workers to buy stock, participate in profit sharing, and receive medical care as well as pensions. Unions became more unnecessary and businesses were starting to hire workers without requirements that they join a union. With prosperity in America, it wasn't just the business owners whose standard of living improved, it was everyone's. One group that didn't prosper in the Roaring 20s were farmers. With mechanization, there were more farm products available, which brought down prices. **What is an example of welfare capitalism? (A) pensions (B) medical care (C) ability to buy stock (D) ability for profit sharing (E) all (F) none**

15. **Which group did not benefit from economic prosperity in the Roaring 20s? (A) textile mills (B) cotton plantations (C) farmers (D) banks (E) all (F) none**

16. The 1920s saw a movement known as Fundamentalism, which was a religious movement on the literal interpretation of the Bible and was a response to new theories of Charles Darwin, called evolution, which countered God's creation of the world. Some states made it illegal to teach about evolution, including Tennessee. A teacher named John T. Scopes taught about evolution and was arrested. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) had advertised for a teacher willing to be arrested for teaching evolution, which Scopes did. William Jennings Bryan served as the prosecutor against Scopes and the famous attorney Clarence Darrow defended Scopes in what became known as the Scopes Monkey Trial. Scopes was found guilty and fined $100 since he did break the law, but the conviction got overturned due to a court technicality. **The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a liberal interest group that takes certain cases to court over personal freedoms and often targets religious aspects. What case did they target in the 1920s to support teaching evolution? The S- M-- T**

17. For many Americans in the 1920s, nothing quite matched the allure of motion pictures. Before technology made sound possible in films, theaters hired piano players to provide music during the feature, while subtitles explained the plot. Audiences thronged to see such stars as Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, Tom Mix, Douglas Fairbanks, Sr., Rudolph Valentino, and Clara Bow. In 1927 the golden age of Hollywood began when the first "talkie" - //The Jazz Singer// starring Al Jolson - was produced. Thanks to motion pictures and radio, sports, such as baseball and boxing reached new heights of popularity in the 1920s. Babe Ruth became a national hero in baseball and Jack Dempsey in boxing. Red Grange, nicknamed the "Galloping Ghost," was a famous football player at the University of Illinois. Bobby Jones was known as best golfer. Bill Tilden and Helen Wills were famous in tennis. **What all was involved in 1920s popular culture?**

18. During WWI and the 1920s, hundreds of thousands of African Americans joined in the Great Migration from the rural South to industrial cities in the North. by moving north, African Americans sought to escape Southern segregation, find economic opportunities, and build better lives. Although job discrimination and economic inequality remained the norm in Northern cities, the North still offered much greater economic opportunities for African Americans compared to the South. After WWI, African American populations grew in Northern cities. The Harlem Renaissance was a literary and artistic black movement. Harlem was full of nightclubs and music, which became the heart and soul of the African American renaissance. **What was the literary and artistic black movement in the 1920s?**

19. When New Orleans native Louis Armstrong moved to Chicago in 1922, he introduced an improvisational early form of jazz, a style of music influenced by Dixieland blues and ragtime, with its syncopated rhythms and improvisational elements. Three years later, Armstrong awed fellow musicians with a series of recordings made with his group, the Hot Five. In these recordings, especially in the song "Cornet Chop Suey," Armstrong broke away from the New Orleans tradition of ensemble or group playing by performing highly imaginative solos. He became the first great cornet and trumpet soloist in jazz music. The artistic freedom of Chicago's South Side gave Armstrong the courage to create his own type of jazz. Others included Duke Ellington who got his start at the Cotton Club in Harlem. **What was the new style of music in the 1920s? (A) ragtime (B) jazz (C) blues (D) rap (E) all (F) none**

20. Go to the following site and play the audio for the "Maps in Motion" section. [|Click here]. **What cities did the Great Migration lead blacks to? Name at least five.**

Back to the Chapter 7 main page