Civil_War_Conclusion_and_Aftermath

=**Conclusion and Aftermath**=

**Society and Government**
In November of 1863, President Lincoln delivered a speech in Gettysburg, PA to dedicate the battlefield. In his Gettysburg Address, he called the war a test on democracy. He said that the outcome of the war would show whether or not a nation built on natural rights could survive.

After the Battle of Gettysburg and into 1864, the North and the South changed their strategy. The Union goal became that of wiping out all Confederate armies. The goal of the Confederacy was to defend and use raids when able. The Confederacy relied on prisoner exchanges in order to use them again in the war. The Union, on the other hand, had a big enough population that they didn't have to rely on the exchanges. Therefore, the Union would eventually put a stop to prisoner exchanges. This led to an overcrowding of Confederate prisons, including Andersonville Prison, which was one of the worst prisons in the war. It was built to hold 10,000 prisoners, but had to deal with 30,000 POWs. Captain Henry Wirz was in control of the prison and with the numerous deaths at his prison (toward the end of the war more Union soldiers were dying in Andersonville Prison than on the battlefield), he was blamed for the bad conditions and was the only rebel put on trial as a war criminal and sentenced to death by hanging.

The Union government was led by President Abraham Lincoln. His goal at the beginning of the war was to preserve the Union and throughout the war was also committed to ending slavery. Frederick Douglass was a former slave and an abolitionist who met at times with Lincoln and was well respected by Lincoln. He helped many slaves escape and encouraged slaves to fight in the war. William Seward was the Secretary of State and was another important advisor for Lincoln. Seward was a former Whig who joined the Republicans and was an abolitionist. He was the only member of Lincoln's cabinet who didn't want to respond to the firing on Fort Sumter since he didn't want to lose the border states. Also, he was able to persuade Lincoln not to free the slaves until winning a major battle (Antietam). Salmon P. Chase was Secretary of the Treasury and was known as a Radical Republican (one who wanted to punish the South after the war). He was a lawyer before the war and was known as the "attorney general for runaway negroes." He wanted the ending of slavery to be a stated objective at the beginning of the war. In 1864, Lincoln appointed Chase Chief Justice of the Supreme Court. Edward Bates was the Attorney General. He was a border-state conservative (from Maryland) and pushed for amnesty of the South after the war rather than reconstruction. Gideon Welles was the Secretary fo the Navy. He was a former Democrat who joined the Republicans in 1854. He was responsible for implementing the Anaconda Plan and setting of the naval blockade that isolated teh South from the rest of the world. Edwin Stanton became Secretary of War during the war since Lincoln was upset with the old one. Stanton immediately took bids for cont4racts in the department instead of using favoritism. Stanton was a Democrat who joined the Republicans. Montgomery Blair was the Postmaster General. Hw was the one who Lincoln sent to offer Robert E. Lee command of the Union army at the beginning of the war. After the war, he joined the Democrats since he was against reconstruction.

Lincoln was up for re-election in the **Election of 1864** and was trying to form a Unionist government. His running mate in 1864 would be Andrew Johnson, a Democrat from Tennessee, who supported the war effort. Lincoln campaigned on preserving the Union and ending slavery and wanted to show a pro-Union party. The Democrat Party nominee for president in 1864 was former General George B. McClellan, who criticized Lincoln's leadership in the war. However, McClellan was unable to separate himself from peace-Democrats, which hurt him. In addition, Lincoln received 3 out of 4 absentee votes of soldiers, which was the first time soldiers in the field voted. Lincoln won re-election and the Republican Party had a majority in Congress. In his second inaugural address, Lincoln said the Union has accepted war in order to make peace.

The Confederate government was led by President Jefferson Davis. He didn't take part in the secession movement until Mississippi seceded. He hoped to have a major role in the military rather than the government. During the war, he felt the Confederate war effort needed a strong centralized government even though that went away from the states' rights agenda of a confederal system of government. Davis often conflicted with members of the Confederate Congress and would be involved in many disagreement with his generals. Davis had the difficult task of fighting a war while barely forming a government. Alexander Stephens was Vice President of the Confederacy. He was an advocate of slavery but was opposed to immediate secession. Also, he disagreed with Davis in terms of wanting peace negotiations while Davis wanted to fight to the end. After the war, he would serve in Congress and be governor of Georgia. The major Secretary of State was Judah Benjamin. His main goal was to get Britain into an alliance with the South. Furthermore, he suggested giving slaves their freedom if they fought for the South, an idea that wasn't adopted until 1865.

The Confederate constitution was modeled after the U.S. Constitution having a House, Senate, and Judiciary. The Confederate president would serve one term of six years. Slavery existed and was a requirement to join the Confederacy. A confederal system by nature has a weak central government with sovereign (independent) subdivisions, which would be the individual states.

**Change in the Union Army**
General Ulysses S. Grant was in overall command of all Union armies (though he traveled with the Army of the Potomac) and ordered several campaigns including:
 * 1) Army of the Potomac (General George Meade) to move toward Richmond against Confederate General Robert E. Lee. Would force Lee to surrender at Appomattox. Known as Grant’s Overland Campaign in a series of Grant vs. Lee battles.
 * 2) Army of the James (General Benjamin Butler) to also move toward Richmond against Confederate General P.G.T. Beauregard.
 * 3) General William Tecumseh Sherman commanding 3 armies (Army of the Ohio, Army of the Tennessee, and Army of the Cumberland) were to move through the deep south, capture Atlanta and move north against Confederate General John Bell Hood and later General Joseph E. Johnston. Would be successful and force Johnston to surrender.
 * 4) General Franz Sigel was to move into the Shenandoah Valley against Confederate General John C. Breckenridge and later General Jubal Early. He would be replaced later by Union General David Hunter due to lack of aggression.
 * 5) General Nathaniel Banks was to take Mobile, Alabama. Success rested more on Sherman’s “March to the Sea.”
 * 6) General George Crook and General William W. Averell to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia. Achieved most of the plan destroying most of the Virginia and Tennessee Railroads.

This was the first time the Union armies would have a coordinated offensive strategy across multiple theaters.

**__Atlanta Campaign - March to the Sea__:**
Union General William Tecumseh Sherman was ordered to go into the enemy's interior as far as possible and inflict as much damage on their war resources as possible. Sherman's strategy would be total war, or conducting a style of war of destroying all war resources vital to the enemy. Confederate General Joseph E. Johnston would try to keep Sherman on the offensive and get him deeper into the South to stretch Union supply lines and have cavalry General Nathan Bedford Forrest attack behind Sherman's lines to cut his supply lines. Johnston hoped to hinder the morale of the Union to continue the war. It was also possible that if the Union wasn't seeing success, Lincoln could lose the election of 1864 and a new president could possibly negotiate a peace with the Confederacy.

The Atlanta Campaign would be a series of battles in which Sherman would move the 3 armies under his command toward Atlanta against Joseph E. Johnston (and later John Bell Hood).
 * **Battle of Meridian: **Feb. 14-20, 1864; in Mississippi; from Vicksburg Union General William Tecumseh Sherman was to take this railroad center and in practical threaten Selma, AL and Mobile, AL; forced Confederate General Leonidas Polk out of Meridian; Sherman wasn’t able to move toward Alabama immediately.
 * **Battle of Okolona: **Feb. 22, 1864; in Mississippi; Union General William Smith went against Sherman’s orders and engaged in battle; was stopped by Confederate General Nathan B. Forrest who couldn’t pursue Smith since out of ammunition; Union position at Meridian was threatened.
 * **Battle of Dalton I: **Feb. 22-27, 1864; in Georgia; Union General George Thomas almost turned the rebel flank led by Joseph E. Johnston thinking Johnston was vulnerable since 2 divisions were sent to reinforce Polk; Confederate victory; showed Johnston ready to fight.
 * **Battle of Rocky Face Ridge: **May 7-13, 1864; in Georgia; Sherman was able to drive out Johnston but with very high casualties; Johnston went to Resaca.
 * **Battle of Resaca:** May 13-15, 1864; Georgia; inconclusive battle; neither side gaining ground; Sherman sent troops to disrupt railroad for Johnston’s supplies; Johnston had to stop fighting.
 * **Battle of Adairsville: **May 17, 1864; Georgia; Johnston retreated south while Sherman pursued; Johnston thought there was a valley that he could use as a position but it was too wide so he withdrew.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of New Hope Church: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">May 25-26, 1864; Georgia; Johnston had retreated to Allatoona Pass May 19-20; Sherman didn’t want to attack him there so he tried to move around his flank toward Dallas (Georgia), but Johnston anticipated this and met him at New Hope Church; Sherman mistakenly thought Johnston had a small force and Hooker’s corps was severely defeated; move side entrenched.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Pickett’s Mill: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">May 27, 1864; Georgia; Sherman sent Oliver Howard to attack Johnston’s right but the attack was repulsed by the Confederates for another victory.
 * **Battle of Dallas:** May 28-June 1, 1864; Georgia; Sherman would defeat attacks by Johnston and looked for a way around Johnston; Sherman moved and Johnston pursued; Union victory would bring Sherman Allatoona Pass, which had a railroad that could supply Sherman.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Marietta Operations (several battles): **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">June 9-July 3, 1864; Georgia; battles included Brushy Mountain, Gilgal Church, Lost Mountain, Mcaffee's Cross Road, Mud Creek, Neal Dow Station, Noonday Creek, Pine Hill, Pine Mountain, Rottenwood Creek, Ruff's Mill; Sherman maneuvered Johnston out of several defensive positions keeping him from costly frontal assaults; after weeks of fighting Sherman forced Johnston to withdraw from the area.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Kolb’s Farm: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">June 22, 1864; Georgia; Johnston moved John Bell Hood’s corps west of Marietta to protect his supply line and the railroad; Sherman sent Schofield and Hooker to menace the railroad; Hood attack but would be repulsed with heavy casualties.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Kennesaw Mountain: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">June 27, 1864; Georgia; Johnston was still looking to protect the Western & Atlantic Railroad that supplied Atlanta; Sherman launched a frontal assault thinking Johnston was spread thin after defeating Hood, but was defeated with high casualties. Davis replaced Johnston with Hood since Hood was seen as more aggressive.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Peachtree Creek: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">July 20, 1864; Georgia; Jefferson Davis relieved Johnston of command and replaced him with Hood hoping for more aggressive attacks; Hood attacked George Thomas’s Army of the Cumberland at the creek just north of Atlanta; Union won.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Atlanta: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">July 22, 1864; Hood out-maneuvered Sherman moving closer to Atlanta in order to launch an attack; Union General James McPherson of the Army of the Tennessee was killed; the Union held off the Confederate attack for victory.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Ezra Church: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">July 28, 1864; Georgia; Hood hadn’t defeated Sherman in previous battles but kept him out of Atlanta; Sherman would attack the city from the west; Oliver Howard now commanded the Army of the Tennessee and held off Hood’s but he failed to cut the railroad.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Utoy Creek: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Aug. 5-7, 1864; Georgia; Sherman wanted to expose Hood’s right flank and attack the railroad between East Point and Atlanta; sent John Schofield’s Army of the Ohio to link with the Army of the Cumberland; battle was inconclusive; entrenched until late August.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Dalton II: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Aug. 14-15, 1864; Georgia; Confederate cavalry raided North Georgia to destroy railroad track and supply lines for the Union; the battle was inconclusive by the Confederates withdrew.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Lovejoy’s Station: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Aug. 20, 1864; Sherman also sent cavalry to raid and destroy rail lines; General Judson Kilpatrick destroyed much track around Lovejoy Station but was forced out and the railroad was back in operation in two days.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Jonesborough: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Aug. 31-Sept. 1, 1864; Georgia; Sherman wanted to cut Hood’s supply lines – the Macon & Western and the Atlanta & West Point Railroads – to force him out of Atlanta; Confederate General William Hardee was defeated; Hood evacuated Atlanta and had supply lines cut. Sherman taking Atlanta secured the election for Lincoln, paved the way for his "March to the Sea," forced Hood to the west to engage in the Franklin-Nashville Campaign, and quicked the end of the war.

**The Franklin-Nashville Campaign took place as Sherman was controlling Atlanta and making preparations for his “March to the Sea.”**

The Franklin-Nashville Campaign would be Hood's attempt to cut Sherman's supply and communication lines with Atlanta. He would use Forrest's cavalry.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Allatoona: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Oct. 5, 1864; Georgia; after losing Atlanta Hood went north to threaten the Western & Atlantic Railroad (Sherman’s supply lines); Confederates who attacked could not take the earthen “star” fort and had to withdraw to rejoin Hood.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Decator: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Oct. 26-29, 1864; Alabama; Confederates were held off by the Union trying to cross the Tennessee River; Confederates were hoping to regain interior control.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Johnsonville: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Nov. 4-5, 1864; Tennessee; Confederate General Nathan Bedford Forrest raided Union in Tennessee to put a check on the Union advance through Georgia; rebel artillery was well entrenched and defeated Union artillery and gunboats; Forrest caused a lot of damage and would continue to have successful raids but Union advance in Georgia continued.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Griswoldville: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Nov. 22, 1864; Georgia; Confederates attacked Union thinking Sherman was on the move but the Union held off.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Columbia: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Nov. 24-30, 1864; Tennessee; foul weather prevented the Union from crossing the north bank of the Duck River, which kept Columbia in control of the rebels; Schofield couldn’t stop Hood’s movements.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Buck Head Creek: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Nov. 28, 1864; Georgia; cavalry battle between Judson Kilpatrick and Joseph Wheeler; Kilpatrick destroyed some rail track; Union victory.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Spring Hill: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Nov. 29, 1864; Tennessee; prelude to major Battle of Franklin; there was skirmishing between Union (James Wilson) and Confederate (Forrest) cavalries; light fighting during the afternoon and Schofield passed through into Franklin during the night; this was Hood’s best chance to isolate Schofield’s army.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Franklin: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Nov. 30, 1864; Tennessee; missing a chance at Spring Hill, Hood pursued Schofield to Franklin and launched an unsuccessful assault, which would cost Hood many of his top generals; Hood moved to Nashville.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Waynesborough: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Dec. 4, 1864; Georgia; Union cavalry (Judson Kilpatrick) attacked Confederate cavalry (Joseph Wheeler) and forced them on the run; aim was to destroy cavalry.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Murfreesboro: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Dec. 5-7, 1864; Tennessee; Hood’s final attempt to force Sherman out of Georgia; Hood moved toward Nashville; ordered destruction of the Nashville & Chattanooga Railroad to disrupt Union supply lines; Forrest had destroyed railroad track, blockhouses, and some homes and generally disrupted Union operations in the area, but he did not accomplish much else; Confederates had to retreat marking a Union victory.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Fort Fisher: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Dec. 7-27, 1864; North Carolina; Union General Benjamin Butler was relieved of command of the Army of the James and put in command of expedition against Fort Fisher that protects Wilmington, which was the South’s last open sea port on the Atlantic coast; Union couldn’t take the fort so returned to Fort Monroe.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Fort McAllister II: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Dec. 13, 1864; Georgia; Sherman wanted the fort so supplies could reach him; Union success allowed him to make plans for the siege and capture of Savannah.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Nashville; **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Dec. 15-16, 1864; Hood still looking to get Sherman out of Georgia; Union General George Thomas made preparations and was looking to destroy Hood’s army; Union attack was a success and forced Confederate retreat; Union pursued; Hood’s army was stalled at Columbia, beaten at Franklin, and routed at Nashville; Hood retreated to Tupelo and resigned his command; Joseph E. Johnston would be back in command.

<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Hood retreated to Tupelo, Mississippi with the Union in pursuit. Davis didn't want to put Johnston back into a command position, but pressures would put him back in command against Sherman as he went into South Carolina.


 * <span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;">Sherman would complete his "March to the Sea" taking Savannah and then moving north into the Carolinas. **


 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Fort Fisher: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Jan. 13-15, 1865; North Carolina; Butler was replaced by General Alfred Terry; Read Admiral David Porter bombarded the fort and Terry went in and defeated Confederate General Robert Hoke; Wilmington could now be attacked.
 * **Battle of Rivers’ Bridge:** Feb. 3, 1865; South Carolina; Confederate General Lafayette McLaws blocked crossings; Union built bridges; McLaws stalled the advance but forced to withdraw.
 * **Battle of Wilmington:** Feb. 12-22, 1864; North Carolina; Union (Schofield) forced rebels from Fort Anderson that held Wilmington; Confederate General Braxton Bragg ordered evacuation of Wilmington burning cotton, tobacco, and government stores to keep Union from getting supplies.
 * **Battle of Wyse Fork:** March 7-10, 1865; North Carolina; Schofield turned inland; Bragg attacked the flanks with early success but would falter with bad communication; Schofield forced Bragg to withdraw and Kinston, NC would fall to the Union.
 * **Battle of Monroe’s Cross:** March 10, 1865; North Carolina; Confederate cavalry under General Wade Hampton attacked Union cavalry under General Judson Kilpatrick; rebels drove Kilpatrick back in confusion, but Union regrouped and took back what was lost (wagons and artillery).
 * **Battle of Averasborough:** March 16, 1865; North Carolina; Confederate General William Hardee was holding off moderate Union successes; withdrew in the night after holding off the Union advance for two days.
 * **Battle of Bentonville:** March 19-21, 1865; North Carolina; Johnston attacked and advanced but a Union counterattack repulsed the rebels; Johnston formed a “V” with his line; a Union division was able to move a little forward; Johnston would retreat during the night; Sherman pursued Johnston toward Raleigh; Johnston signed an armistice with Sherman on April 18 and would officially surrender at the Bennett House on April 26, 1865.
 * **Battle of Spanish Fort:** March 27-April 8, 1865; Alabama; Union General Canby captured the fort and forced the Confederates to Mobile.
 * **Battle of Selma:** April 2, 1865; Alabama; General James Wilson would take the city and force most Confederates to surrender though General Richard Taylor and General Nathan Bedford Forrest escaped.
 * **Battle of Fort Blakely:** April 2-9, 1865; Alabama; General Canby was able to take the fort, which would be the last Confederate combined-force battle.
 * **Sherman pursued Johnston toward Raleigh; Johnston signed an armistice with Sherman on April 18 and would officially surrender at the Bennett House on April 26, 1865.**

**__Grant's Overland Campaign - Appomattox Campaign__:** General Ulysses S. Grant vs. General Robert E. Lee

 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of the Wilderness: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">May 5-7, 1864; tough to maneuver in the thick wooded area; battle was a tactical draw but Grant didn’t retreat as past generals had done; Longstreet wounded by own men but would come back to serve; Grant moved left for another attack.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Spotsylvania Courthouse: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">May 8-21, 1864; Grant almost cut Lee’s army in two but a rebel counterattack plugged the gap; the battle was inconclusive but Lee did match Grant and held off disaster; Grant continued push toward Richmond.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Yellow Tavern: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">May 11, 1864; cavalry battle during Spotsylvania Courthouse, which Union General Phillip Sheridan was looking to raid Richmond and disrupt Lee’s communication. J.E.B. Stuart was mortally wounded in the battle, which greatly hurt Lee’s cavalry intelligence.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of North Anna: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">May 23-26, 1864; Lee forced Grant to divide his army into three; Lee was in an offensive position but was ill so time passed for a successful assault; Grant moved down the river to further threaten Richmond; battle result was again inconclusive.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Wilson’s Wharf: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">May 24, 1864; Fitzhugh Lee’s cavalry division (about 3,000 men) attacked the Union supply depot at Wilson’s Wharf and was repulsed by two black regiments under Brig. Gen. Edward Wild (about 1,800 men); Union victory.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Haw’s Shop: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">May 28, 1864; cavalry battle between Union General David Gregg and Confederate General Fitzhugh Lee (took over for Stuart) that was inconclusive; both infantries were arriving as the battle was taking place.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Totopotomy Creek: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">May 28-30, 1864; infantry for North and South arrived; Union pushed forward but was stalled; another Grant vs. Lee battle where Grant made a move and Lee matched him; battle result was inconclusive.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Old Church: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">May 30, 1864; part of Union cavalry drove Confederate cavalry back toward Cold Harbor, which allowed Sheridan to take important crossroads the next day.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Cold Harbor: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">May 31-June 12, 1864; Sheridan had the crossroads and held off a Confederate attack; Grant launched a massive attack that was unsuccessful and one he would regret; Grant abandoned his push toward Richmond and would concentrate on Petersburg, an important railroad town outside of Richmond.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Trevilian Station: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">June 11-12, 1864; Sheridan attempted to cut through with the cavalry and link with Hunter in the valley but was stopped by Fitzhugh Lee; Sheridan was able to destroy some of the railroad.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Petersburg: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">June 15-18, 1864; Confederates under Beauregard were holding off the Union; Lee sent reinforcements; Grant’s army (with Butler) tried to take Petersburg but were held off for a Confederate victory; however, Grant would lay siege on Petersburg.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Jerusalem Plank Road: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">June 21-24, 1864; Grant looked to cut the Weldon Railroad, a major supply line to Petersburg; Union was driven from advanced positions but were able to extend their siege lines further west (toward Petersburg and Richmond).
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of St. Mary’s Church: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">June 24, 1864; Sheridan held off an attempt by General Wade Hampton to cut off Sheridan’s cavalry from returning to Trevilian Station.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Staunton River Bridge: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">June 25, 1864; Union cavalry attempted to destroy the bridge but failed.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Sappony Church: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">June 28, 1864; Union was pursued and had to withdraw abandoned many fleeing slaves who sought protection from the Federal army.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Ream Station: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">June 29, 1864; Union General James Wilson and General August Kautz were still being pushed and thought Ream’s Station was held by Union but it wasn’t; they had to break through and reached Petersburg; they destroyed 60 miles of Confederate railroad track but with heavy losses.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Deep Bottom I: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">July 27-29, 1864; Union was unable to turn rebel lines.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of the Crater: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">July 30, 1864; after weeks of preparations the Union exploded a mine that blew a gap in Confederate defenses around Petersburg but the attack by Burnside failed and both sides would settle into another 8 months of fighting in trenches; Burnside was relieved; this was Grant’s best chance to take Petersburg.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Deep Bottom II: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">August 13-20, 1864; Union led by General Hancock crossed the James River to threaten Richmond but were held off by Lee and moved back to Deep Bottom.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Globe Tavern: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">August 18-21, 1864; Union General Warren was to move against the Weldon Railroad; Grant succeeded in extending his siege lines to the west and cutting Petersburg’s primary rail connection with Wilmington, North Carolina; Confederates were now forced to off-load rail cars at Stony Creek Station for a 30-mile wagon haul up Boydton Plank Road to reach Petersburg.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Ream’s Station: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">August 25, 1864; Union soldiers were tearing up track but would be pushed back to the main Union line near Jerusalem Plank Road.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Chaffin’s Farm/New Market Heights: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Sept. 29-30, 1864; Union General Butler crossed the James to threaten Richmond, which forced Lee to shift troops to Richmond, which weakened his Petersburg defenses.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Peebles’ Farm: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Sept. 30-Oct. 2, 1864; Union pushed the Confederates back and were able to establish a new line was entrenched from the Federal works on Weldon Railroad to Pegram’s Farm.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Darbytown and New Market Roads: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Oct. 7, 1864; due to Union threats on Richmond, Lee launched an attack but it failed and he was forced to withdraw into Richmond defenses.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Darbytown Road: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Oct. 13, 1864; failed skirmish for the Union as they assaulted defenses on Richmond; Union unable to force into Richmond defenses.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Boydton Plank Road: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Oct. 27-28, 1864; Union (Hancock) momentarily took the road, a major campaign objective, but a Confederate (Heth) counterattack pushed the Union back and the Confederates held it for the rest of the winter.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Fair Oaks: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Oct. 27-28, 1864; Union (Butler) attacked the Richmond defenses but were repulsed by the Confederates (Longstreet – recovered from wounds). The siege and positions would be held over the winter.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Hatcher’s Run: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Feb. 5-7, 1865; Union cavalry under David Gregg failed to intercept supply trains, however Union under Warren and Humphreys were advancing and Union gained ground extending their siegeworks.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Waynesboro: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">March 2, 1865; Union cavalry General Sheridan came upon Confederate General Jubal Early and destroyed much of his forces; Sheridan crossed the Blue Ridge to Charlottesville and then raided south, destroying the James River Canal locks near Goochland Court House; he would link move to link with Grant.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Fort Stedman: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">March 25, 1865; Lee attempted to break through Grant’s Petersburg defenses, which was unsuccessful and was devastating to Lee’s army. John Hartranft of PA was instrumental in victory at Fort Stedman.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Lewis’s Farm: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">March 29, 1865; opening moves of Grant’s spring campaign were Sheridan’s cavalry and Union corps under Warren drove back the Confederates to White Oak Rd.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of White Oak Road: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">March 31, 1865; Union (Warren) would gain some more ground pushing back Confederates (Bushrod Johnson).
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Dinwiddie Courthouse: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">March 31, 1865; Sheridan was stalled by Fitzhugh Lee and George Pickett’s division to turn Lee’s Petersburg defenses; Pickett withdrew before the next day to entrench at the vital Five Forks crossroads, which Lee ordered to hold at all cost.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Five Forks: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">April 1, 1865; Sheridan directed the attack as he pinned down Lee’s defenses and Warren’s Corps overwhelm Lee’s flank and forced Lee’s Petersburg defense lines to its breaking point; loss of Five Forks threatened Lee’s last supply line, the South Side RR; the next morning Lee informed Jefferson Davis that Petersburg and Richmond must be evacuated.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Petersburg: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">April 2, 1865; after victory at Five Forks, Grant and Meade ordered a general attack on Lee’s Petersburg lines; A.P. Hill was killed trying to reach his troops in the confusion; Lee ordered the evacuation of Petersburg and Richmond; Grant took Richmond.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Sutherland’s Station: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">April 2, 1865; Union division under General Nelson Miles took the South Side Railroad, Lee’s last supply line into Petersburg.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Namozine Church: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">April 3, 1865; inconclusive rearguard cavalry battle between cavalry of Union General George A. Custer and Confederate cavalry General Fitzhugh Lee.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Amelia Springs: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">April 5, 1865; another inconclusive battle between cavalries as Union cavalry was returning from burning Confederate wagons.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Rice’s Station: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">April 6, 1865; Longstreets command was blocked and he had to withdraw during the night to Farmville.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Sailor’s Creek: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">April 6, 1865; nearly ¼ of retreating Confederates were cut off by Sheridan’s cavalry and forced to surrender including Ewell; considered the death knell of the Confederate army; upon seeing the survivors streaming along the road, Lee exclaimed “My God, has the army dissolved?”
 * **Battle of High Bridge:** April 6-7, 1865; inconclusive battle as Union pursued Lee’s fleeing army; Confederates failed to destroy the bridge and the Union troops could continue pursuit.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Cumberland Church: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">April 7, 1865; advance of Union corps encountered Confederate forces entrenched on high ground near Cumberland Church and attacked twice but were repulsed, and darkness halted the conflict.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Appomattox Station: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">April 8, 1865; General George Armstrong Custer captured and burned three trains loaded with provisions for Lee’s army.
 * **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">Battle of Appomattox Courthouse: **<span style="font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt;">April 9, 1865; Lee was determined to make one last attempt to escape the closing Union pincers and reach his supplies at Lynchburg; Confederates advanced, initially gaining ground against Sheridan’s cavalry; arrival of Union infantry stopped the advance; Lee’s army was now surrounded on three sides; **Lee surrendered his army to Grant**.

**Aftermath**
After the surrender of Lee and the Army of Northern Virginia, a conspiracy was worked out to assassinate President Lincoln (not the only attempt on Lincoln's life). The plan was to kidnap Lincoln and ransom him for rebel POWs but had to be changed to assassination after the fall of Richmond. Grant stopped POW exchanges since the South relied on exchanges to reuse soldiers. Conspirators got more upset with Lincoln over the freeing of the slaves and supporting their right to vote. A conspiracy was developed to assassinate Lincoln along with Vice President Andrew Johnson, Secretary of State William Seward, and General Ulysses S. Grant to cause chaos in the North. John Wilkes Booth was the main conspirator. Others involved were Sanuel Arnold, George Atzerodt, David Herold, Michael O'Laughlen, Lewis Powell (also known as Lewis Paine), and John Surratt, whose mother Marry Surratt left her tavern in Maryland and moved to Washington D.C. where Booth was a frequent visitor. Lincoln had a nightmare three nights before the assassination that he was killed. Booth was to assassinate Lincoln and Grant. George Atzerodt was to assassinated Vice President Andrew Johnson. Lewis Powell (guided by David Herold) was to assassinate Secretary of State William Seward. All assassinations were to be carried out at the same time.

General Grant was not at the theater. He went to Philadelphia and was seen boarding a train with his wife by Michael O'Laughlin, who boarded the same train but was unable to get to Grant, who was in a private car under guard. Johnson's assassin got scared and didn't go through with the assassination. Lewis Paine was to assassinate Seward, broke into his house, and began to stab Seward in the neck. Seward had a brace around his neck due to a carriage accident and had passed out during the struggle. Thinking he completed the assassination, Paine left. However, Seward survived. The only assassination to be successfully carried out was that of President Lincoln, who was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth in Ford's Theater during a production of //Our American Cousin//. Booth attempted to escape but was shot a short time later. Othe rconspirators were hanged.

The Confederacy began to collapse after the surrender of Lee adn the Army of Northern Virginia. General Joseph Johnston surrendered to Union General William Tecumseh Sherman on April 23, 1865. Confederate General Richard Taylor surrendered teh remaining forces east of the Mississippi River to Union General Edward Canby. Jefferson Davis pressed on but was captured on May 10, 1865. Confederate General Edmund Kirby Smith surrendered the remaining rebel forces to Canby on May 26, 1865, which completely ended the war.

The post-Civil War time period of changing Southern politics and society to post-slavery states would be known as Reconstruction. The former Confederate states had to be re-admitted to the Union. The military took control after the war and set up elections. Southern states had to recognize the rights of African-Americans. The Constitution would be amended to end slavery (13th), grant citizenship to anyone born in the U.S. or naturalized and the government could not deprive any citizen of life, liberty, or property without the due process of law (14th), and black men received the right to vote (15th).

The Civil War was one of the first modern and industrial wars. Armies and leaders used railroads, telegraph, steamships, and mass-produced weapons. Total war was used by Sherman in the deep South and trenches were used around Petersburg. The idea of fighting behind fortified positions would change war tactics and strategy. Over 600,000 soldiers died in the war with many being due to disease from wounds, not direct shots. Racial tensions would still divide the nation through Reconstruction.

Abraham Lincoln was key to Union victory. As the war went on year after year, many in the North debated if fighting was worth preserving the Union. There were attempts on Lincoln's life by Confederates, which if it happened before the surrender of Lee, a new president may have went into peace talks with the South, as could have been the case had McClellan won the presidency in 1864. Even though it grew unpopular in various parts of the Union, Lincoln stuck to his principles of preserving the Union and eventually emancipating the slaves. Also, Lincoln recognized the importance of holding on to Maryland and Kentucky. Losing Maryland would have meant losing D.C. Lincoln arrested those in Maryland who were going to vote for secession in order to hold on to Maryland. This decision proved vital to preserving the Union. Lincoln recognized that if a portion of the U.S. were allowed to break away and form a nation, then other portions in the future may do the same. Without a unified country, the U.S. wouldn't have been able to grow in prosperity and become a superpower in the 20th century. Furthermore, Lincoln made a key decision in 1864 of giving Ulysses S. Grant command of all Union armies to develop a unified strategy across all theaters. Davis didn't make this same decision until 1865 when it was too late. The leadership of President Lincoln was key to Union victory and preservation of the United States.

Andrew Johnson would be the president at the end of the Civil War after the assassination of Lincoln. He disagreed with the Republican led Congress on reconstruction. The Congress wanted to have federal control of the former Confederate states until the were re-admitted to the Union while President Johnson wanted to peacefully bring the South right back in and return to normal (as did Lincoln). President Johnson granted amnesty to those who took part in the war for the South who took an amnesty oath. These disagreements over reconstruction eventually led to the **impeachment of Andrew Johnson**, though he was not removed (he survived being removed by one vote - Senators that voted against removing him said the future of the presidency would be unsafe if they removed a president for disagreeing with the Congress). Republicans had gained more seats in the Congress in 1866 and used the army to control the South until Republcian-friendly governments were formed. The army also ensured the blacks were able to vote for new government leaders. Reconstruction saw the passage of the Civil War Amendments (13th, 14th, and 15th) to the Constitution. Reconstruction with control of the army in the South ended with the Compromise of 1877 (disputes between Republican Rutherford Hayes and Democrat Samuel Tildon in the election of 1876 - agreement made that if Hayes were elected he'd end reconstruction, which he did). The Jim Crow era would develop in the South, which allowed discrimination and segregation of blacks. The Civil War ended the thought that secession was legal and increased federal government power over the states.

At Appomattox, the terms of Lee's surrender to Grant was that the Confederate soldiers had to hand over their firearms and could go home; officers were allowed to keep their swords and sidearms. Grant saw to it that Lee wasn't harshly punished. Lee would become president of Washington College (today is Washington and Lee). He died in 1870 of heart disease and would become a symbol of what was fine and noble about the Southern cause. Lee had applied for amnesty and had taken the oath, but his application was lost within the State Department and not found for over 100 years. In 1975, President Gerald Ford pardoned Lee and gave him back his citizenship. Before the war, Lee was opposed to secession but felt his loyalty was with Virginia. He had very little interest in politics, but after the war he favored President Johnson's approach of peaceful reconstruction. Lee favored a return to peace and for the North and South to resume non-hostile relations.

Jefferson Davis met for the last time with his cabinet on May 5, 1865 and the Confederate government was dissolved. He was captured on May 10 and would be kept in prison at Fort Monroe, Virginia for two years. He was indicted for treason a year after his capture but the charges were never carried through. Davis visited Canada, Europe, and Cuba and got into the life insurance business. Davis was very well respected in the South and his funeral service was one of the largest ceremonies in the history of the South.

The "Lost Cause" view became the main view of the South after the war, that the loss in the Civil War was more due to overwhelming strength in numberical superiority of the North. This idea was first written in a book by former Confederate General Jubal Early, who wrote about Southern generals (Lee and Jackson) being of high moral standards, while Union generals did not. He also wrote that states' rights was an important reason for the war and that slaves were loyal and faithful to their masters. He also wrote that Longstreet was a major reason for defeat at Gettysburg for not attacking early as ordered on July 2 (the second day of battle). He also wrote that secession was justifiable since the North was infringing on the way of life in the South. The view in the North was that slavery as an institution was against God's will and that America was the land of the free. Furthermore, the North saw the preservation of the Union as important and key to preserving the republic that was set up by the Founding Fathers.

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